Essay on Three Idiots A Good Movie for College Students

Nowadays, college students study in university and fight for their dreams. However, there is a condition that many of them do not know what they want to achieve. What they always do is to follow others’ steps and do what others did. For instance, many of the college students in India try to learn engineering in universities because engineer is a popular occupation with its decent salary. Even though many of them do not like that field of study, they are forced to learn by their parents. There is an Indian movie called Three Idiots criticizing the phenomenon aforementioned. The director of Three Idiots portrayed three so called fool students who follow their own dreams and achieve their goals after working hard. The main character, Rancho†¦show more content†¦sometimes touch (YouTube). The professor is confused and asks him what that is. Rancho says it is a book. The professor is annoyed and asks him why he cannot simplify it. Rancho responds, â€Å"I tired, but no us e† (YouTube). The director uses this satirical plot to query and criticize the current education system in India. Apparently, the method of memorizing in studying almost restrains the abilities of finding knowledge. This movie wants to tell college students to study in the ways that suit them rather than be restricted to definition. Consequently, this movie is a good movie for those college students who still follow the stereotype way of studying without querying. Apart from the aspect of the defect in educational system, there is a more significant criteria in this movie that I want to mention. This movie demonstrates the importance of being yourself rather than simply do what other did. Rancho loves engineering, so he can be an engineer. However, one of his friends Farhan, another so-called idiot, does not like engineering. His dream is become a photographer but it is not allowed by his parents. He writes aShow MoreRelatedMovie Review Of Three Idiots1586 Words   |  7 Pages Three Idiots-The 2009 release Bollywood movie is based on comedy, romance, drama genre. The movie is directed by Raj Kumar Hirani and is inspired by Chetan Bhagat’s novel Five Point Someone. The movie features Aamir Khan, R.Madhavan, Sharman Joshi as an engineering student and Boman Irani as a strict Principal of the Enginnering College and Kareena Kapoor as a medical student. The movie is about the Engineering life and the problems, traumas and fun, the â€Å"three idiots† have during theirRead MoreCommunication : The 3 Idiots1577 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"The 3-Idiots.† Brianna Medley CRN: 55723â€Æ' Communication in â€Å"The 3-Idiots.† Communication is the conveyance of messages from one party to another. However, for communication to be effective, it must reach its intended target and achieve the desired results. Therefore, communication is a fundamental factor in the film shooting and development that ensures that the audience receives the intended communication and reacts to the message as expected. According to Taylor Joseph (2009), communicationRead More3 Idiots Reaction Paper1711 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION The movie â€Å"3 Idiots† is an Indian film about the life of three engineering students who went to study at one of the best colleges in India, the Imperial College of Engineering. Coming from different walks of life, the three â€Å"idiots†, Farhan Qureshi,   Raju Rastogi  , and Rancchoddas Rancho Shyamaldas Chanchad, will become best of friends. But the movie will circle on how the wisdom and ideals of Rancho will influence the life of his two friends and other characters in the story. Read MorePeople Have Different Learning Style851 Words   |  4 Pageslearning style is quite not clear which is tend to be physical but very close to visual and auditory. Because of in university or college even high school in some cases is very stressful. Student live in a very intensive environment, so it is very significant to let the student know what their learning style is. Let them concentrate on using the learning style that they good at. So, I am going to introduce my current learning style, the tasks I find which is the most easiest or difficult and the strategiesRead MoreBook Report : The Hell 1896 Words   |  8 Pages(actually quite large and had to be fake), but it was quite beautiful (yes, I’m talking about the caveman boulder that is giving me a workout whenever I raise my hand to cause dears miles away to stop dead in their tracks). Let me not be a complete idiot and forget the accessory that came along with the ring. We have finally come to the unknown man asleep next to me in bed (actually quite large as well and had to be very inebriated to allow himself to be seen with me), who took up most of theRead MoreHelen Keller: An Idol to Deaf People?2987 Words   |  12 PagesTO DEAF PEOPLE? Rona M. Stanley HIS 331: History of the American Deaf Community December 1, 2013 As children, many of us watched â€Å"The Miracle Worker,† the movie that showcased Helen Keller as a deaf blind child in need of communication. Through the movie, we came to admire and sympathize for this character as the movie portrays her perseverance to overcome her disabilities instead of resigning to them. The love and bond between her and her teacher, Anne Sullivan, leaves us with an imageRead More High-Functioning Autism through Rain Man Essay4135 Words   |  17 Pagesthese was Bruno Bettelheim, a concentration camp survivor who ran the Orthogenic School at the University of Chicago. In a grant application to the Ford Foundation to secure funding, he stated that he sought to find out â€Å"what their [the autistic students’] parents had done ‘wrong’ in raising them† (Pollak 251) and to determine if â€Å"proper training based on human relationships can reverse the autistic process† (Pollak 252). These were based upon his assumption s that autism was caused by mothers whoRead MoreSrk N His Life4461 Words   |  18 Pages[9] Growing up in Rajendra Nagar neighbourhood,[10] Khan attended St. Columbas School where he was accomplished in sports, drama, and academics. He won the Sword of Honour, an annual award given to the student who best represents the spirit of the school. Khan later attended the Hansraj College (1985–1988) and earned his Bachelors degree in Economics (honors). Though he pursued a Masters Degree in Mass Communications at Jamia Millia Islamia, he later opted out to make his career in Bollywood.[11]Read MoreEssay Witchcraft Portrayed in Films6180 Words   |  25 Pagessubdued. With the coming of the Renaissance, and with the revival of the interest for knowledge which was earlier buried by Christianity, intellectuals slowly began again to approach the old Pagan methodologies. However, although throughout the last three centuries Paganism grew and became again more organized, the public image of witchcraft remained stained, even up to today. Its in modern times that witchcraft starte d to regain its reputation. This was greatly helped by the growth and expansion ofRead MoreGump Notes Essay7299 Words   |  30 Pagesof primary school. His impairments in communication include a delay in the development of spoken language and marked impairment in the ability to sustain a conversation with others, and some of which are unchanged throughout his life (I aint too good at long conversation). His famous line or I got to pee can be evaluated as a stereotyped and idiosyncratic use of language. His behavioral problems maybe include an inflexible adherence to routines or plans and a lack of comprehensive grasp of objects

The computer was first brought into existence in the late...

The computer was first brought into existence in the late 1930’s using vacuum tubes to create the sounds that are found in motion pictures today and since then; there has been a non-stop growth in the advancement of our technology and society. Growth can sometimes flourish so fast that it can be hard to keep track of especially in the areas that it may be easily overlooked until it comes to be necessary, such as the ethics. This new type of technological development brings ethical concerns upon us, just how it brought a cultural awakening upon society. For every technological glass ceiling we have broken through comes an endless cascading effect of technical development in any of the other areas. When scientists first discovered the†¦show more content†¦And what are the ethics that go with computer use in our society today? There are many inquiries that arise when looking at the relationship that exists between computers and ethics. But before we can look at the role computers have with ethics, we first need to understand why it is extremely significant to acknowledge this connection, along with the possible effects that may come about it if this relationship is ignored or forgotten. Let’s take a look at a unique instance which involves computers and their association with ethics and social media, something almost everyone is a part of today. This case revolves around a recent phone app, called Tinder, which has become popular for both males and females in college campuses. The app allows males and females to log on through their Facebook accounts, which allows for them to share their pictures, age, and mutual friends with others around them. Then once one is registered on the app, a picture of the other sex pops up and they either swipe away or like it, in which it then matches them up with that other person. So essentially this app is dating app for young college students, where males and females have the potential to stalk and talk to others of the opposite sex that live a certain radius from them, and maybe possibly actually meet and date (very unlikely). Tinder is very similar to other dating apps, however it makes it a lot less complicated for colleg e students so that they are easily ableShow MoreRelatedComputers7651 Words   |  31 Pages------------------------------------------------- Computer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see  Computer (disambiguation). Computer system redirects here. For other uses, see  Computer system (disambiguation). Computer technology redirects here. For the company, see  Computer Technology Limited. Computer | | A  computer  is a general purpose device that can be  programmed  to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solveRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesviewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial and political revolutions of the late 1700s. But at the same time, without serious attention to the processes and misguided policies that led to decades of agrarian and industrial depression from the late 1860s to the 1890s, as well as the social tensions and political rivalries that generated and were in turn fed by imperialist expansionismRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pages Marketing management – an introduction Unit structure: 1. Introduction 2. Learning Objectives 3. Marketing Management 3.1. Evolution of marketing management 3.2. The Role of Marketing 3.3. Marketing concepts 3.4. The Marketing Mix (The 4 P s Of Marketing) 3.5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Ethics in Marketing 4. Have you understood type questions 5. Summary 6. Exercises 7. References 1. INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, AmericanRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 PagesECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 597 CASE STUDIES ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow theRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesphotocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been

Industrial Engineering for Renewable and Sustainable Energy

Question: Discuss about theIndustrial Engineering for Renewable and Sustainable Energy. Answer: Solutions to Industrial Ecology Correction of power factor One hidden expenditure in consumers of electricity utility is the fees in power factor. There is a tendency of organizations having huge numbers of motors or possessing 24/7 operating data centres for a server running. These consumptions can be reduced by working with an informed consultant to develop specific requirements for improved power factor(Abdullah, et al. 2012). Energy Procurement In cases that involve energy consultant with suppliers of energy, these consultants can help in shopping improved rates of supply. Whether it is renewable or any there type of energy for electricity production, the navigation through contractual, and product terms would be made easier for specific needs. Engineering Studies Engineered studies are possible to lower usage of energy as well as the cost. Studies in energy efficient solutions would save rebates and the federal and state activities. These studies can also be one to make sure consumers meet the demonstrated and required compliance. Developing Products with Sustainable Energy Creating sustainably in electricity consumption can be done by installation of renewable energy sources such as developing wind technology and solar panel energy sources. This decreases reliance on known utility companies. The sources can also be ways of supply energy for reduced costs compared to the existing hence reduce demand and increased efficiency. Developing programs responding to demand Some companies can get income by responding to demand. The income is gotten when these companies reduce consumption when there is a low supply of high demand. This method would give back power hence reducing black-outs and brown-outs. Applications of Various Ecological Strategies Renewable Energy Hydropower An essential renewable source of energy can include hydropower that harnesses energy when moving water rotates installed turbines leading to electricity generation. Applying this renewable energy involve building dams having reservoirs, installing turbines in run-of-rivers and in-stream projects. The concept come from the gravitational energy of falling water on turbines(Apostolakis 2004). Bioenergy This is energy from biological sources that can be implemented in transportation in form of biodiesel, cooking, electricity generation and heating. Bioenergy can be gotten from various sources such as residue from animal husbandry and agricultural residue. Solar energy Energy from the sun can directly be harnessed with the use of some technologies such as solar panels that trap light to produce electricity for lighting, transport and other usages. Green Engineering Developing systems that store Energy Alongside renewable energy falls the Energy Storage Systems that are technologies that can combine generation and transportation of power. These ESS sources have to be electrical, chemically or mechanically renewable. Lately, a focus on developing electrochemical sources of energy such as capacitors, fuel cells and batteries is the way forward(Rubin, Chao and Anand 2007). Monitoring power quality For purposes such as auditing power, power has to be monitored hence there has been development in software that can perform metering analysis, monitor and determine the quality of power. This software comes packed in hardware that initiates the process(Poul, et al. 2010). Environment monitoring Green engineering can be used in monitoring the environment for the sole purpose of monitoring climate change as well as its effects. Electricity production has to be green in the sense that there is the minimum production of greenhouse gases(Ahson and Mohammad 2017). Wind energy Other than using diesel and hydropower to produce energy, wind can be a probable source of energy if implements appropriately. An example is America that as its 45% of energy coming from wind. Engineers in the wind power technology can design turbines with online monitoring capability for the efficient harnessing of wind energy(Daryl, Gary and Eleanor 2005). Cleaner Production Future sustainable thermal power plants Fossil fuels are expected to last for a while by being cost-efficient in electricity production but there are changes that affect it such as development of smart grid system and energy storage systems. For future and better fossil fuel usage aspects such as decrease of carbon intensity and a flexible increase of fossil generation to support developing renewable energy sources are some of the intended clean application of fossil fuel. Use of global ECE practices in coal power plants New practices would involve a decrease of emission as well as an increase in coal power efficiency to meet the ECE requirements. One example is the implementation of coal gasification that provides cleaner and versatile coal to electricity conversion. Also, there are technologies such as HELE technologies that improve the efficiency and environmental performance of power plants that generate electricity using coal. Capture of carbon, use and storage The CCUS development can be deployed as extensive routines that control equipment emission that can be fitted to power plants or large processes that are energy insensitive. What matters is the knowledge, energy infrastructure, operating practices and deployment capacity. Bibliography Abdullah, Majid, A Yatim, C Tan, and R, Saidur. 2012. "A review of maximum power point tracking algorithms for wind energy systems." Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 16 3220-3227. Ahson, Syed, and Ilyas Mohammad. 2017. "RFID handbook: applications, technology, security, and privacy." In RFID handbook: applications, technology, security, and privacy 20-31. Apostolakis, George. 2004. "How useful is quantitative risk assessment?" Risk analysis 515-520. Daryl, Chubin, May Gary, and Babco Eleanor. 2005. "Diversifying the engineering workforce ." Journal of Engineering Education 94 7-86. Poul, stergaard, Vad Brian, Bernd Mller, and Henrik Lund. 2010. "A renewable energy scenario for Aalborg Municipality based on low-temperature geothermal heat, wind power and biomass." Energy 35 4592-4901. Rubin, Edward, Chen Chao, and Rao Anand. 2007. "Cost and performance of fossil fuel power plants with CO2 capture and storage." Energy policy 35 4444-4454.

The Power of One

The Power of One- Music and Boxing Essay The skills of boxing and music are one of the most physically demanding activities a person can learn in their life. High levels of strenuous concentrations are required for these activities. Bryce Courtesan has used imagery and stressed the importance and commonalities between boxing and music. In the novel, the Power of One, many examples of imagery exist in the book, often contrasting music to boxing. The quote like a Mozart concerto shows that Doc is trying to elevate boxing from a sport, to an art. When sports, like Boxing, are elevated to a status of an art form, it gives it acceptability. This is a reflection of how society can use sport as a uniting force. In the novel, Doc mentions mostly, European composers such as Chopin, Mozart, Brahms and Beethoven suggesting a cultural gulf between Europe and South Africa. Bryce Courtesan presents South Africa as an uncultured in comparison to European societies. Perhaps Courtesan is trying to position the reader to understand that before South Africa can be cultured, the basic fundamental rights of the people need to be acknowledged . We will write a custom essay on The Power of One- Music and Boxing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Courtesan presents South Africa as a country where people must be prepared to eight and die for their safety and survival. This is common to the idea of boxing in the novel where it is a sport where survival skills and instincts are crucial much like the lifestyle of the marginalia population of South Africa Its a medicine ball and it weighs fifteen pounds. When you can throw one of these over my head youll be strong enough to begin to box. Page 422 This quote shows the physically demanding nature of boxing. Courtesan presents music to be Just as demanding as boxing. Doc mentions to Peaky that he must first learn to love music ND then only would Doc teach him to play the piano. This quote implies the learning curve of music and how it is needed for Peaky to produce music of a high caliber. This learning symbolizes the idea of the Power of One and how it is also needed for South Africa to survive its problems and play its music. The Power of One stresses these contrasts and commonalities between music and boxing because it wants the readers to accept the vast cultural difference between the culture and lifestyle of Europe and the culture and lifestyle of South Africa. Bryce Courtesan is trying to also emphasize that no matter how tough, rigorous and head breaking they may be; they can be used to unite a nation and a race together. This unity is depicted in the movie, Peaky is depicted teaching all the tribes a song in Zulu, in Beaverton Prison a song that unites them as one. Courtesan once again brings the idea of The Power Of One and its requirement for Africa to survive the problems that it faces and one to survive in the sport of boxing. The Power of One- Music and Boxing By Cumbersomeness The Power of One The Power of One- Music and Boxing Essay The skills of boxing and music are one of the most physically demanding activities a person can learn in their life. High levels of strenuous concentrations are required for these activities. Bryce Courtesan has used imagery and stressed the importance and commonalities between boxing and music. In the novel, the Power of One, many examples of imagery exist in the book, often contrasting music to boxing. The quote like a Mozart concerto shows that Doc is trying to elevate boxing from a sport, to an art. When sports, like Boxing, are elevated to a status of an art form, it gives it acceptability. This is a reflection of how society can use sport as a uniting force. In the novel, Doc mentions mostly, European composers such as Chopin, Mozart, Brahms and Beethoven suggesting a cultural gulf between Europe and South Africa. Bryce Courtesan presents South Africa as an uncultured in comparison to European societies. Perhaps Courtesan is trying to position the reader to understand that before South Africa can be cultured, the basic fundamental rights of the people need to be acknowledged . We will write a custom essay on The Power of One- Music and Boxing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Courtesan presents South Africa as a country where people must be prepared to eight and die for their safety and survival. This is common to the idea of boxing in the novel where it is a sport where survival skills and instincts are crucial much like the lifestyle of the marginalia population of South Africa Its a medicine ball and it weighs fifteen pounds. When you can throw one of these over my head youll be strong enough to begin to box. Page 422 This quote shows the physically demanding nature of boxing. Courtesan presents music to be Just as demanding as boxing. Doc mentions to Peaky that he must first learn to love music ND then only would Doc teach him to play the piano. This quote implies the learning curve of music and how it is needed for Peaky to produce music of a high caliber. This learning symbolizes the idea of the Power of One and how it is also needed for South Africa to survive its problems and play its music. The Power of One stresses these contrasts and commonalities between music and boxing because it wants the readers to accept the vast cultural difference between the culture and lifestyle of Europe and the culture and lifestyle of South Africa. Bryce Courtesan is trying to also emphasize that no matter how tough, rigorous and head breaking they may be; they can be used to unite a nation and a race together. This unity is depicted in the movie, Peaky is depicted teaching all the tribes a song in Zulu, in Beaverton Prison a song that unites them as one. Courtesan once again brings the idea of The Power Of One and its requirement for Africa to survive the problems that it faces and one to survive in the sport of boxing. The Power of One- Music and Boxing By Cumbersomeness The Power of One The Power of One- Music and Boxing Essay The skills of boxing and music are one of the most physically demanding activities a person can learn in their life. High levels of strenuous concentrations are required for these activities. Bryce Courtesan has used imagery and stressed the importance and commonalities between boxing and music. In the novel, the Power of One, many examples of imagery exist in the book, often contrasting music to boxing. The quote like a Mozart concerto shows that Doc is trying to elevate boxing from a sport, to an art. When sports, like Boxing, are elevated to a status of an art form, it gives it acceptability. This is a reflection of how society can use sport as a uniting force. In the novel, Doc mentions mostly, European composers such as Chopin, Mozart, Brahms and Beethoven suggesting a cultural gulf between Europe and South Africa. Bryce Courtesan presents South Africa as an uncultured in comparison to European societies. Perhaps Courtesan is trying to position the reader to understand that before South Africa can be cultured, the basic fundamental rights of the people need to be acknowledged . We will write a custom essay on The Power of One- Music and Boxing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Courtesan presents South Africa as a country where people must be prepared to eight and die for their safety and survival. This is common to the idea of boxing in the novel where it is a sport where survival skills and instincts are crucial much like the lifestyle of the marginalia population of South Africa Its a medicine ball and it weighs fifteen pounds. When you can throw one of these over my head youll be strong enough to begin to box. Page 422 This quote shows the physically demanding nature of boxing. Courtesan presents music to be Just as demanding as boxing. Doc mentions to Peaky that he must first learn to love music ND then only would Doc teach him to play the piano. This quote implies the learning curve of music and how it is needed for Peaky to produce music of a high caliber. This learning symbolizes the idea of the Power of One and how it is also needed for South Africa to survive its problems and play its music. The Power of One stresses these contrasts and commonalities between music and boxing because it wants the readers to accept the vast cultural difference between the culture and lifestyle of Europe and the culture and lifestyle of South Africa. Bryce Courtesan is trying to also emphasize that no matter how tough, rigorous and head breaking they may be; they can be used to unite a nation and a race together. This unity is depicted in the movie, Peaky is depicted teaching all the tribes a song in Zulu, in Beaverton Prison a song that unites them as one. Courtesan once again brings the idea of The Power Of One and its requirement for Africa to survive the problems that it faces and one to survive in the sport of boxing. The Power of One- Music and Boxing By Cumbersomeness

Coronary Heart disease Essays - RTT, Aging-associated Diseases

Coronary Heart disease Essays - RTT, Aging-associated Diseases Coronary Heart disease Coronary Heart Disease Coronary heart disease is one of the vast killer diseases in many countries, (up to 500,000 Americans die every year from coronary heart disease). It is a chronic illness involving the narrowing of the arteries and vessels that supply the heart with oxygen and glucose. As a result of insufficient amounts of oxygen reaching the heart, associated health risks such as chest pains known as Angina and heart attack can be produced. One of the major causes of coronary heart disease is the hardening of medium or large arteries (Arteriosclerosis) which is mainly caused by an unhealthy diet. However, this is not the only cause of Arteriosclerosis. Coronary disease refers to the failure of coronary circulation to supply adequate circulation to cardiac muscle and surrounding tissue. It is the most common form of disease affecting the heart and an important cause of premature death in North and South America. There are many other factors that could lead to coronary heart disease, such as smoking, stress, drinking and not exercising enough as well as the main underlying cause which is high blood cholesterol levels. Coronary heart disease can also be inherited. Many of these factors can be modified, including, smoking, drinking and exercise. Yet, some of the causes of coronary heart disease are beyond the control of humans. For instance, no one can control their age or the genes that they inherit. However, if a person tries to exercise more or stop smoking and drinking then they will have a lower chance of getting coronary heart disease. EXERCISE Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. It is performed for various reasons including strengthening muscles and cardiovascular system. Physical exercise is a potent primary and secondary preventer of cardiovascular illness, particularly that due to the coronary heart disease. It is thought that physical inactivity roughly doubles the risk of coronary heart disease and is a major risk factor for heart disease. Frequent and regular physical exercise helps prevent the ?disease of affluence? such as heart disease. SMOKING Furthermore, the effects of smoking are that it makes the blood vessels of the heart become sticky. It increases the chance of fat molecules to deposit on the inner lining of the arteries which can cause the lumen to narrow, thus restricting the blood flow through them. Chemicals in smoke also make the walls of the blood vessels become sticky. Obesity can prevail due to the lack of physical exercise for the reason that exercise helps to burn the fat in our bodies. Exercise also keeps the heart muscles active and strong, without exercise the muscles eventually become weak and can only support a slow blood flow. This again results in little oxygen reaching the heart in a given time. Moreover, high blood pressure can be due to a result of insensible drinking and too much salt it the diet. Nicotine also causes high blood pressure, by reducing the capability of the arteries to dilate. In addition to causing high blood pressure nicotine is also responsible for making the red blood sticky. A blockage in the arteries can occur not only as a consequent of fat deposit, but also from sticky red blood cells. DIET Lifestyle changes have been shown to be effective in reducing (and in the cases of diet, reversing) coronary disease. Healthy diet has been shown to be hugely effective as a treatment of coronary heart disease, and generalized atherosclerosis. However, the idea of what composes a ?healthy diet? is highly controversial. In some studies the progression of heart disease has been shown to halt, and in some cases, the disease process may be revered. Dieting and physical exercise are the mainstays of treatment for heart disease. Moreover, it is important to improve diet quality by reducing the consumption of energy ?dense foods such as those high in fat and cholesterol. Cholesterol lowering medications, such as stains, are useful to decrease the amount of ?bad? cholesterol. Regardless of all the above factors which cause coronary heart disease, the foremost cause is having an unbalanced diet, especially one that is reliant on the intake of excess saturated fats and refined carbohydrates. Excessive eating can lead to

Frank Gehry, Controversial Canadian-American Architect

Frank Gehry, Controversial Canadian-American Architect Inventive and irreverent architect Frank O. Gehry (born February 28, 1929) changed the face of architecture with his artistic designs realized with high-tech software. Gehry has been surrounded by controversy for most of his career. Using unorthodox materials like corrugated metal, chain link, and titanium, Gehry has created unexpected, twisted forms that break conventions of building design. His work has been called radical, playful, organic, and sensual. Fast Facts: Frank Gehry Known For: Award-winning, controversial architectAlso Known As: Owen Gehry, Ephraim Owen Goldberg, Frank O. GehryBorn: February 28, 1929 in Toronto, Ontario, CanadaParents: Sadie Thelma (nà ©e Kaplanski/Caplan) and Irving GoldbergEducation: University of Southern Californias School of Architecture, Harvard UniversityAwards and Honors:  Presidential Medal of Freedom, J. Paul Getty Medal, Harvard Arts Medal, Order of Charlemagne; honorary degrees from many universities, including Oxford, Yale, and PrincetonSpouse(s): Anita Snyder,  Berta Isabel AguileraChildren: Alejandro, Samuel, Leslie, BrinaNotable Quote: For me, every day is a new thing. I approach each project with a new insecurity, almost like the first project I ever did. And I get the sweats. I go in and start working, Im not sure where Im going. If I knew where I was going I wouldnt do it. Early Life As a teenager in 1947, Goldberg moved from Canada to Southern California with his Polish-Russian parents. He chose U.S. citizenship when he turned 21. He was traditionally educated at Los Angeles City College and the University of Southern California (USC), with an architecture degree completed in 1954. Frank Goldberg changed his name to Frank Gehry in 1954. This move was encouraged by his first wife, who believed a less-Jewish-sounding name would be easier for their children and better for his career. Gehry served in the U.S. Army from 1954–1956. He then studied city planning on the G.I Bill for one year at Harvard Graduate School of Design before returning to southern California with his family. He went on to reestablish a working relationship with Austria-born architect Victor Gruen, with whom Gehry had worked at USC. After a stint in Paris, Gehry again returned to California and established his Los Angeles-area practice in 1962. From 1952–1966, the architect was married to Anita Snyder, with whom he has two daughters. Gehry divorced Snyder and married Berta Isabel Aguilera in 1975. The Santa Monica house he remodeled for Berta and their two sons has become the stuff of legends. Career Beginnings Early in his career, Frank Gehry designed houses inspired by modern architects such as Richard Neutra and Frank Lloyd Wright. Gehrys admiration of Louis Kahns work influenced his 1965 box-like design of the Danziger House, a studio/residence for designer Lou Danziger. With this work, Gehry started to get noticed as an architect. The 1967 Merriweather Post Pavilion in Columbia, Maryland, was the first Gehry structure reviewed by The New York Times. The 1978 remodeling of a 1920s-era bungalow in Santa Monica put Gehry and his new familys private home on the map. As his career expanded, Gehry became known for massive, iconoclastic projects that attracted attention and controversy. The Gehry architecture portfolio includes unique structures such as the 1991 Chiat/Day Binoculars Building in Venice, California, and the 2014 Louis Vuitton Foundation Museum in Paris, France. His most famous museum is the Guggenheim in Bilbao, Spain, the 1997 spectacle that gave Gehrys career its final boost.  The iconic Bilbao architecture was constructed with thin sheets of titanium, and it continues to draw fascinated tourists. Color has been added to Gehrys metal exteriors, exemplified by the 2000 Experience Music Project (EMP), now called the Museum of Pop Culture, in Seattle, Washington. Gehrys projects build on one another, and after the Bilbao museum opened to great acclaim, his clients wanted that same look. His most famous concert hall is arguably the 2004 Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California. He began visualizing with a stone facade in 1989, but the success of the Guggenheim in Spain inspired the California patrons to want what Bilbao had. Gehry is a great fan of music and he has taken on a number of different concert hall projects. Examples include the small Fisher Center for the Performing Arts at Bard College in 2001 at Annandale-on-Hudson in New York, the open-air Jay Pritzker Music Pavillion in 2004 in Chicago, Illinois, and the rather sedate 2011 New World Symphony Center in Miami Beach, Florida. Notable Work Many of Gehrys buildings have become tourist attractions, drawing visitors from around the world. University buildings by Gehry include the 2004 MIT Stata Complex in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the 2015 Dr. Chau Chak Wing Building at the University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Gehrys first building in Australia. Commercial buildings in New York City include the 2007 IAC Building and the 2011 residential tower called New York By Gehry. Health-related projects include the 2010 Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health in Las Vegas, Nevada, as well as the 2003 Maggies Centre in Dundee, Scotland. Furniture: Gehry had success in the 1970s with his line of Easy Edges chairs made from bent laminated cardboard. By 1991, Gehry was using bent laminated maple to produce the Power Play Armchair. These designs are part of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) collection in New York City. In 1989, Gehry designed the Vitra Design Museum in Germany, his first European architectural work. The museums focus is on modern furniture and interior designs. Also in Germany is Gehrys 2005 MARTa Museum in Herford, a town known in the furniture industry. Gehry Designs: Because architecture takes so long to become realized, Gehry often turns to the quick fix of designing smaller products, including jewelry, trophies, and even liquor bottles. From 2003 to 2006, Gehrys partnership with Tiffany Co. released the exclusive jewelry collection that included the sterling silver Torque Ring. In 2004, the Canada-born Gehry designed a trophy for the international World Cup of Hockey tournament. Also in 2004, Gehry designed a twisty vodka bottle for Wyborowa Exquisite. In the summer of 2008, Gehry took on the annual Serpentine Gallery Pavilion at Kensington Gardens in London. Career Highs and Lows Between 1999 and 2003, Gehry designed a new museum for Biloxi, Mississippi, the Ohr-OKeefe Museum of Art. The project was under construction when Hurricane Katrina struck in 2005 and pushed a casino barge into the glittering steel walls. The slow process of rebuilding began years later. Gehrys most famous low, however, may have been the burning reflection from the completed Disney Concert Hall, which impacted both neighbors and passers-by. Gehry fixed it but claimed it was not his fault. Throughout his long career, Frank O. Gehry has been honored with countless awards and honoraria for individual buildings and for him as an architect. Architectures highest honor, the Pritzker Architecture Prize, was awarded to Gehry in 1989. The American Institute of Architects (AIA) recognized his work in 1999 with the AIA Gold Medal. Former President Barack Obama presented Gehry with the highest civilian award of the United States, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, in 2016. Style of Gehrys Architecture In 1988, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City used Gehrys Santa Monica house as an example of a new, modern architecture they called deconstructivism. This style breaks down the parts of a piece so their organization appears disorganized and chaotic. Unexpected details and building materials tend to create visual disorientation and disharmony. Gehry on Architecture In Barbara Isenbergs book, Conversations With Frank Gehry,  Gehry talked about the approach he takes to his work: Building a building is like berthing the Queen Mary in a small slip at a marina. There are lots of wheels and turbines and thousands of people involved, and the architect is the guy at the helm who has to visualize everything going on and organize it all in his head. Architecture is anticipating, working with and understanding all of the craftsmen, what they can do and what they cant do, and making it all come together. I think of the final product as a dream image, and its always elusive. You can have a sense of what the building should look like and you can try to capture it. But you never quite do. But history has acknowledged that Bernini was an artist as well as an architect, and so was Michelangelo. Its possible that an architect can also be an artist....Im not comfortable using the word sculpture. Ive used it before, but I dont think its really the right word. Its a building. The words sculpture, art, and architecture are loaded, and when we use them, they have a lot of different meanings. So Id rather just say Im an architect. Legacy Frank Gehrys work has had a profound impact on postmodernist architecture. His unique use of materials, line, and technology have inspired architects and changed the way architects and engineers think about structures. His most significant structures, such as the Bilbao Guggenheim, have, as Salon’s Karen Templer  wrote, ...changed the way people think about the field of architecture. Gehry has proven that people will travel halfway around the world to look at a building as well as its contents. It stands as evidence that a building  can  put a town on the map. Sources Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"Frank Gehry.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 24 Feb. 2019.Frank O. Gehry.†Ã‚  Academy of Achievement.Isenberg, Barbara. Conversations With Frank Gehry by Barbara Isenberg. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2012.The Museum of Modern Art. Deconstructivist Architecture. June 1988. Sokol, David. â€Å"31 Spectacular Buildings Designed by Frank Gehry.†Ã‚  Architectural Digest, 25 Nov. 2018.

Student survival guide personal action plan Essay

Student survival guide personal action plan - Essay Example University education requires a large amount of independent learning and often involves search for information. Information is required to construct ideas, theories, or data. A variety of sources provide such information; but the most obvious ones are the University Library and the internet. Libraries can be either paper libraries or digital ones, where the contents of books are stored in digital form. Searching for information in books consumes too much time and hence it is preferable to access digital libraries on occasions when time could be a limiting factor. Also, the information contained in a book may not be updated. Hence library searches are better conducted within digital sources. Searching through digital catalogues offers speed and convenience, with an added advantage that one can access these from remote locations. Internet is the most convenient source of information because time, space or location doesn’t constrain it. Following guidelines will provide an overview of how best to search the internet. But they are not exhaustive; the World Wide Web has such potential that people can, and need to customize it to meet their specific requirements: 2. Use a search engine that displays results from more than one source – sometimes referred to as a meta-crawler – info.com is one such, though google.com gives excellent results fast, provided the search criteria are selected properly. Advanced search options needs to be used to refine searches. Commercial sites tend to be unreliable as far as a student is concerned. University sites and sites with .org and .edu suffixes should be preferred. However, the objectivity of opinions expressed in individual sites must be assessed after careful reading, since many activist sites masquarade as authentic unbiased ones. Passing off another person’s work as one’s own is unethical, apart from being unlawful. However,

Crimes during disaster Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crimes during disaster - Research Paper Example In this form of disaster crime prevention method, focuses on the conditions which may lead to the problem naturally. Examples may include abandoned buildings and broken windows. These methods intend to alleviate these factors that may lead to disaster crime directly. One of the primary prevention is neighborhood disaster crime prevention.In this form of disaster crime prevention method, focuses on the conditions which may lead to the problem naturally. Examples may include abandoned buildings and broken windows. Â   Â   Â   Â   These methods intend to alleviate these factors that may lead to disaster crime directly. One of the primary prevention is neighborhood disaster crime prevention.Neighborhood disaster crime prevention involves addressing factors which may lead to crime. It affects the perception and fear of disaster crime as well as the real crime preference. Members of the community should engage in disaster crime prevention and reduce the perception of fear of disaster c rime.There are several approaches to neighborhood disaster crime prevention. The approach is to come up with a socially and cohesive awareness to the community where disaster crime cannot flourish. This method also consists of organized community teams and neighborhood watch program. Neighborhood crime prevention is one of the most successful methods if individuals participate in it actively from both local resources and citizens.Individuals should communicate to each other about the issues, and their concerns, assess the community requirements and accomplish through this method on disaster crime prevention. People should identify and locate resources which will assist in programs implementation on how to eradicate disaster crimes (Goel, 2009). On the other hand, citizens should create community policing and organize activities on how to do away with disaster crimes. Secondary disaster crime prevention Secondary disaster crime prevention is another form of prevention which focuses on potential opportunities or at-risk offenders, which may deter disaster criminal activities. The key tools applicable in this form of prevention are predictions and identifications (Goel, 2009). Once individuals are capable of predicting any future disaster occurrences, the potential to identify the opportunities or situations for disaster crime prevention and implement possible control measures will be easier. Therefore, individuals should at all the time be able to predict the future occurrences of the situations. By so doing, the control for disaster crimes will be at hand. Thus, the situation will remain controlled. Individuals may also take personal steps to safeguard themselves from becoming

Business document comparisons Essay Example for Free

Business document comparisons Essay Document name Public council letter Thank you letter for participating in a marathon for a charity Purpose of the document To inform a member of the community to put a halt to the constant barking of their dog between certain times of the night To congratulate a member who took part in the run of a marathon for charity and thank him/her for His/her efforts in participation. Also inform the participant of his/her position in the competition. Target audience Specified house owner ages 18+ Specified participant in competition. Writing style and tone. Formal language but written so that the matter is taking seriously with no use of passive language i. e. please can you stop that dog barking, but dont worry if you cant do it straight away because this takes a sense of seriousness away from the letter. A congratulating and formal passage of writing. Specified to respect the recipient and his/her efforts. Presentation style This document is not set out to attract or catch the eyes of people; it is purely to present the recipient with the purpose/problem. So a variety of colours and shades are not used as there is no reason to. This document is based as a certificate with a letter. As it was produced to congratulate someones achievement. it has lots of colours and images on the topic of sport. Layout Logo. Address of recipient and councils address. Text (the main point/purpose of the document). Signature from person who wrote the letter. Logo. Address of recipient and councils address. Text (the main point/purpose of the document). Signature from person who wrote the letter. Accuracy, clarity and consistency The letter was made for its purpose; the letter goes straight to the point and does need anything else. The writing is specific and formal, with no spelling mistakes. It is also sticking to specifics and with formal language. It is more recipient friendly, what I mean by this is that the language is congratulatory towards the person and is of less urgency, in the way that something has been done wrong and needs to be acted on. What I would improve I dont think there is any improvement needed on this invoice, it has said what it has needed to and given the appropriate details for the recipient This is a good letter but I think there is an area of improvement for the presentation style. Dean smith 11k Letter comparison Dean smith 11k Letter comparison.

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It is widely known that in EFL learning situations, many students â€Å"exhibit fear of foreign language speaking† (Yaikhong & Usaha, 2012, p. 23). In Asian countries, EFL learners suffer even more in language classroom anxiety because of insufficient language environment. According to Scovel (1978), anxiety in language learning is â€Å"a state of apprehension, a vague fear† (p. 134). Such anxiety may exist in many aspects of language learning process. Language classroom anxiety is one of the most common concerns. Many researches showed that students’ classroom anxiety will greatly affect their language learning effect (Young, 1986; Horwitz & Young, 1991; Phillips, 1992; & Aida, 1994). For example, Wariyachitra (2003) stated that classroom anxiety will reduce students’ motivation in communication, and if students avoid interaction in English, they will not succeed in learning the target language. Arnold and Brown (1999) believed that anxiety might be the most important reason that causes obstruction of language learning. Another researcher Boonkit (2010) did a research in Thai, and the result revealed that the undergraduate students are not confident enough to communicate in English, even in language classrooms. These findings tell us many EFL students are lack of communication opportunities, which are very crucial to their language learning, because they dare not use the language. In the learning process, this classroom anxiety is the key element that causes students’ lack of confidence and poor language performance. In China, situations are quite the same. Reading, writing, even listening are always much easier for Chinese EFL learners, and Speaking is always the most suffering course. People don’t have chance to speak English in their ... ...age skills and cognitive abilities. Harris, etc. believed that students with speaking anxiety will â€Å"often avoid anxiety-producing social or performance situations†, because they don’t know how to change their negative response in such situations, if they cannot avoid such situations, the will suffer a lot (2002, p. 543). The problem is what will happen after they repeated suffering and practice? Can they improve themselves with proper training and sufficient practice chances? Few researchers have done investigation in this field. In this study, I will try to answer the following question based on previous researches and a survey: a) Can EPS tasks lead to EFL students’ language classroom anxiety reduction? b) Can EPS tasks lead to EFL students’ language public presentation improvement? c) Is there any relation between students’ anxiety level and language performance?

Restricted Earth Fault Protection

A Comparison Between High-Impedance and Low-Impedance Restricted Earth-Fault Transformer Protection Casper Labuschagne, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Izak van der Merwe, Eskom Enterprises Abstract—Restricted earth-fault (REF) protection on a transformer is a subject for which there has been little attention and, compared to other types of protection, very little literature exists. Depending on the method of transformer earthing and fault location, some transformer earth faults result in only a small increase in phase current, which transformer differential protection may not detect.Conversely, the amount of current in the neutral may be sufficient to detect most or all earth faults, again depending on the earthing method. By connecting an REF relay to CTs installed in correct locations on the transformer, one can use REF protection to complement differential protection in detecting transformer earth faults. Obtaining maximum benefit from REF protection requires tha t one consider many factors, including whether to select high-impedance REF or lowimpedance REF relays. In making this selection, one should understand the theory behind each option.Historically, only high-impedance REF protection was available, because of equipment and technology limitations. Today, numerical protection relays include low-impedance REF elements for transformer protection. Both types of protection have advantages and disadvantages; the relays do not perform equally well in all applications. One key advantage of low-impedance REF protection included in a numerical relay is the ability to use CTs with different ratios and specifications without the need for interposing CTs.One key advantage of high-impedance REF is proven immunity (relay security) to CT saturation for external faults. Key to either type of protection is the ability to provide maximum winding coverage against earth faults. There is also speculation, as yet unsubstantiated, that a high-impedance REF ele ment provides superior sensitivity and coverage against earth faults. This paper summarizes the theory of classical high-impedance REF protection and new low-impedance REF protection.It also discusses issues such as relay sensitivity requirements, transformer fault current distribution, impact of fault location on relay performance (winding coverage), CT requirements, the impact of CT saturation response on REF protection elements, and application considerations for the two protection methods. current changes very little, but large current flows in the neutral conductor [1] [2]. REF takes advantage of the large current in the neutral conductor to provide sensitive and fast protection for transformer faults close to the earth point.REF protection applied to transformers may be referred to as â€Å"unit earth-fault protection,† and the â€Å"restricted† part of the earth-fault protection refers to an area defined between two CTs. Generally, REF protection can be applied in one form or another to all transformer windings, even delta-connected windings (see Delta Winding—NEC/R Earthed). On solidly earthed star windings, we will show that fault coverage is possible from the first turn above the star point, provided the REF element connects to a CT in the transformer neutral.This high winding coverage is possible because the relay operates on the high fault current in the neutral conductor instead of on the small fault current in the phase. On an unearthed star winding or a delta-connected winding without a neutral earthing compensator (NEC), winding coverage is reduced because of the lack of a neutral CT. Unearthed star windings or delta-connected winding installations provide phase CTs only (see Delta Winding—NEC/R Earthed), and the REF element operates on the change in phase current only. II. EARTH-FAULT CURRENT AND IMPACT ON SENSITIVITY A.Earth-Fault Currents in a Transformer for Different Connections When operating from the neutral C T, REF protection provides more sensitive earth-fault protection than does biased current differential protection. However, many setting engineers are uncertain as to the exact increase in sensitivity that REF protection provides. It is therefore necessary to quantify what one means by â€Å"more sensitive. † In the following discussion, we investigate the available fault current for star windings (solidly earthed, impedance earthed, and unearthed) and delta windings. ) Star Winding—Solidly Earthed For a solidly earthed star winding, an earth fault anywhere on the winding is similar to an autotransformer with a fault on the secondary side. Fig. 1 explains the phenomenon. I. INTRODUCTION Power transformers constitute the single most expensive item of primary plant in a substation. To protect this investment properly, transformer protection schemes contain a combination of protection elements, with biased differential protection widely used. Although biased ifferential p rotection provides excellent protection for phase-to-phase and most phase-to-earth winding faults, this element is less sensitive for single-phase-to-earth faults close to the earth point in solidly earthed transformers [1], [2], and [3]. For these faults, phase 2 NS x 14 Current (per unit) x Nc In In 12 10 8 6 4 Neutral Current Phase Current Fig. 1 Solidly Earthed Star-Connected Windings With Earth Fault X Per Unit From the Neutral 2 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 From Fig. 1, it can be seen that the turns ratio (TR) is as follows: TR = and In N + Ns 1 = c = Ip Nc xDistance of fault from neutral (percent of winding) Fig. 2 Neutral Current vs. Distance From Star Point in a Solidly Earthed HV Star Transformer (1) I n = I p †¢ TR = Ip x (2) Where Nc = the number of turns on the common winding (on the shorted part of the winding) NS = the number of turns on the series winding (on the healthy part of the winding) x = the distance from the neutral (p. u. ) Ip = primary side current In = fault current Therefore, for faults close to the neutral (when x is very small, on the order of 0. 1 p. u. ), the current flowing in the neutral is In = Ip/0. 1 = 10 †¢ Ip.Clearly, the change in neutral current is much greater than the change in phase current. Fig. 2 shows the difference in neutral current and phase current, plotted as a function of the fault distance from the neutral point [1] [2] [3] [4]. This curve was obtained from tests that were performed on a solidly earthed star transformer. (Because results vary for different transformer designs, the authors were unable to locate a formula that accurately describes the theoretical earth-fault current for all transformers). Fig. 2 shows that the neutral current (that also flows through the neutral CT) is always very high, in excess of 5 to 6 p. . For faults closer to the phase terminal of the star winding, there is reduced current contribution from the transformer neutral. Relay sensitivity is still not compromised, be cause the operating current through the relay is the sum of the neutral and phase current, with the phase current now higher than for faults near the neutral. Therefore, in the case of a solidly earthed star winding, relay sensitivity is not a problem for faults near the neutral because there is always sufficient current flowing in the neutral CT and through the relay and varistor to ensure relay operation. ) Star Winding—Resistance Earthed In the case of a resistance-earthed star winding, the relationship between fault location and fault current is linear, and the value of the earthing resistance determines the amount of fault current. From Fig. 1, assuming that the neutral is earthed through a resistor, we can see that the following is true: In = x †¢V 3†¢R (3) Where In = fault current x = the distance from the neutral V = the healthy phase-to-phase voltage R = the value of the earthing resistor Equation 3 presents a linear relationship between the fault location and the neutral current available to operate the relay.For small values of x, In is small and there may not be sufficient current to operate the relay. Therefore, for a resistanceearthed star winding, relay sensitivity is important for faults near the neutral. The value of x where the relay will begin operation is related directly to the relay operating current and the CT characteristics, i. e. , how much magnetizing current the CTs on the healthy phases will require. 3) Delta Winding—NEC/R Earthed In the case of a delta winding, there is always sufficient voltage to drive fault current through the fault and NEC/R.In theory, there is always at least half the phase-to-earth voltage available to drive the fault. This results in sufficient fault current, and relay sensitivity is not an issue [3]. 3 Because delta-connected windings do not have a star point, you can use the so-called balanced earth-fault connection or hybrid REF protection function in cases where the source is on the delta side of the transformer. In this case, the neutral CT is excluded from the circuit and the three-phase CTs are all connected in parallel with the relay element.The zone of protection is still only the delta winding of the transformer. The balanced earth-fault connection may also be applied to an unearthed star winding. III. RESTRICTED EARTH-FAULT PROTECTION THEORY To apply REF protection on star-connected transformers, connect the three-phase CTs in star, and connect this combination to a CT in the neutral leg of the transformer, NER or NEC, as shown in Fig. 3. These CT connections provide a path for the zero-phase sequence currents to circulate in the CTs during external faults, but they force the current through the relay for internal faults.Therefore, the REF relay provides protection for all earth faults that fall in the area between the phase and neutral CTs. Any fault outside this area should be covered by alternative protection functions. Red White Blue IFp Inp Ins Relay Ins Fig. 5 Internal Fault Indicating Operation on a Delta Winding With NEC A hybrid REF protection function may also be applied to a delta winding without an NEC. The hybrid REF excludes the neutral CT from the circuit and the three phase CTs are all connected in parallel with the relay element. This is called a balanced earth-fault connection.The zone of protection is still only the delta winding of the transformer. The hybrid REF function can also be applied to an unearthed star winding. A. High-Impedance REF Relay Element The high-impedance REF relay is normally a currentoperated relay with a resistor in series that provides stabilization. Generally, it may be one of two different types. The first type has internal resistors and has a voltage setting. In this type, the resistors are effectively switched in and out to change the setting and therefore the value of the stabilizing voltage.The second type has an external variable resistor where the setting is calculated in ohms and applied by changing the resistance of the variable resistor. 1) Design Considerations A number of design considerations must be taken into consideration when designing a high-impedance REF scheme. The most important considerations are described here: †¢ The ratio of the phase and neutral CTs must always be the same. †¢ In general, the CTs should have the same saturation characteristics. †¢ The kneepoint voltage must be higher than the stabilization voltage for external faults. The voltage across the relay and CTs (all in parallel) should be kept at safe levels while still being sufficiently high to allow operation of the relay when required. The magnetizing current of the CTs depends on the voltage across it, but too high a voltage results in higher magnetizing current that leads to a less sensitive scheme. †¢ In most cases, a metal oxide varistor (MOV) or surge arrestor is connected across the parallel connection of the CTs and relay to clamp the voltage to a safe limit, without affecting relay operation.The MOV protects the relay against high voltages developed during inzone faults. Sufficient current still flows through the relay to ensure operation [5]. Relay Relay Fig. 3 Basic Design of an REF Function Fig. 4 shows an external earth fault on the star (source) side of a transformer, and Fig. 5 shows an in-zone fault on the delta side of a transformer. Currents are in per unit. In Fig. 4, the zero-sequence infeed for an upstream red phase-to-earth fault circulates between the neutral CT and the red-phase CT, and no operating current can flow through the relay element.In Fig. 5, in the case of the in-zone fault on the delta winding, it is clear that all the fault current flows through the neutral CT (IFp = Inp) and nothing flows in the phase CT. Therefore, the secondary CT current has to flow through the relay element for this element to operate. At this stage, we simplify the scenario by not taking into account the magnetization of the other CTs. Red White Blue IF Relay IF – Inp Inp Ins Inp Inp Ins Fig. 4 ing External Fault Indicating Relay Stability on a Star-Connected Wind- 2) Setting Considerations The high-impedance REF scheme is set such that it is stable for a maximum through fault with one of the CTs completely saturated. Calculate VS, the stabilizing voltage, as follows: Vs = I f max †¢ ( RCT + RL ) n (4) Another important factor in the design of an REF scheme is the minimum allowable knee-point voltage of the phase and neutral CTs. This value is necessary during the design phase of the high-impedance REF scheme to ensure adequately specified CTs.To ensure that the CT does not saturate at the operating voltage, many engineers use a safety factor of 2. The knee-point voltage can be calculated as follows: Where Vs = the stabilizing voltage Ifmax = the maximum through-fault current detectable by the relay RCT = the winding resistance of the CT RL = the total lead resistance of the longest cond uctor between the relay and neutral or phase CTs n = the turns ratio of the CT In cases where the earth-fault current is limited through an NER or NEC/R, use the three-phase fault current as the maximum condition.With all four CTs of the same ratio, we expect the phase CTs (not the neutral CT) to saturate for external faults, because the three-phase fault current is higher than the earth-fault current. Therefore, we can ignore the resistance of the leads between the saturated phase CT and the relay. (The saturated phase CT and the relay are not necessarily near each other, so the lead resistances between them are not negligible). Phase CTs are generally located in close proximity to one another, so lead resistances between these CTs are negligible.VS is the value of the stabilizing voltage across the relay for maximum through-fault current and one saturated CT. The relay setting, Vset, is still unknown. If the voltage applied to the relay exceeds Vset, we expect the relay to operate . The most sensitive setting that can be applied is Vset = VS. Because network parameters change (higher fault current for example), Vset is usually selected higher than VS to allow for a safety margin. To ensure greater stability, one would select relay operating current greater than the sum of the healthy phase CT magnetizing currents at the set voltage.This ensures that the largest part of the secondary side fault current is used for the purpose of operating the relay and that less current is used for magnetizing the CTs on the healthy phases. Any mismatch in CT ratio will result in spill current, part of which will flow through the relay. Spill current cannot be related to current that flows on the primary side and flows on the secondary side. It may, therefore, cause the flow of â€Å"fictitious† current that results from CT inaccuracy.Not all spill current will necessarily flow through the relay; some of the current also flows through CTs (phase and/or neutral) not carr ying primary fault current. Effectively, the spill current flowing through the relay raises the voltage across the relay and CTs, causing more magnetizing current to flow. In the case of a through fault, equilibrium is reached between the voltage, relay current, and magnetizing current. Generally, relay current is far less than the operating current, as explained in the calculation of the stabilizing voltage. Vk = 2 †¢ Vs (5)Where Vk = the kneepoint voltage of the CT Calculate Iop, the minimum primary operating current (primary sensitivity) that causes the relay to operate, as follows: I op = n †¢ ( I R + m †¢ I m + I v ) (6) Where IR = the relay operating current m = the number of CTs needing magnetization (generally three) Im = the magnetizing current at the set voltage (to be obtained from the magnetizing curve test results of the CTs) Iv = the varistor current at Vs [5] From this discussion, it should be clear that the desensitizing factors are the magnetizing cur rent Im and the varistor current Iv.Use Equation 7 to calculate the actual impedance of the REF element. Because Vset is the voltage above which the relay operates, and because the relay resistance is much greater than RCT and RL, you can calculate the relay resistance as follows: RR = Vset IR (7) Where RR = the relay resistance Vset and IR are as defined above To verify correct calculation of operating current, it is possible to calculate the voltage across the relay for a specific inzone fault current. If the voltage is above the set voltage, consider this as confirmation that the relay will operate.You can calculate the operating voltage as follows: (8) n Because the relay is set to be stable under conditions where one CT saturates, it needs no additional time delays to improve security or its operation. B. Low-Impedance REF Relay Element Low-impedance REF protection is provided with new numerical or microprocessor-based protection relays. Generally, relay manufacturers employ di fferent methods to provide REF protection. In most cases, operation of the low-impedance REF protection is based on the fundamental current, after filtering removes all harmonic currents [3]. Vop = ( I op ? †¢ n †¢ I m ? I v ) †¢ ( RCT + RL + RR ) 5 The most important difference between classical highimpedance REF protection and new low-impedance REF protection is the input impedance. As with all numerical relays, the input impedance of the low-impedance REF is very low compared to high-impedance relays. For example, a lowimpedance relay typically has an input impedance of 0. 1 VA. At 1 A nominal rating, this computes to 0. 1 W. On the other hand, for a high-impedance REF relay with a voltage setting of 100 V and a 20 mA operating current, the input impedance is 5 kW. This is a significant difference.Low-impedance REF protection does not have the same inherent stability against CT saturation for external faults as does high-impedance REF protection. A second significa nt difference is that the operating current of the low-impedance REF protection is not realized by CT connection. With low-impedance REF, the relay measures all four CTs necessary to realize the element. Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 show the wiring and CT connections of the low-impedance REF elements. Fig. 6 shows the fault currents for an external fault on the primary star-connected side of a transformer, and Fig. shows an external fault on the secondary deltaconnected side of the transformer. Inp Red White Blue Ins IF + A Red White Blue Ins + A Inp Ins + Fault IF + B + C N Ins Inp IF – Inp Inp Fig. 8 Low-Impedance REF Connections With Internal Earth Fault on a Star-Connected Winding Red White Blue + + C B A IF Fault IF Ins N Ins Fig. 9 Low-Impedance REF Connections With Internal Earth Fault on a Delta-Connected Winding With NEC + B + C + IF – Inp Inp Fault Location B N Ins Inp Fig. 6 Low-Impedance REF Connections With External Earth Fault on a Star-Connected WindingA very impor tant advantage of low-impedance REF protection is the fact that the CT ratios for the phase CTs and neutral CTs do not have to be the same. Most low-impedance REF relays use an operating and a restraint current. The difference between different relays from different manufacturers lies in the way these relays determine the restraint quantities and in the CT saturation detection algorithm of each relay. Note that, in the case of low-impedance REF protection, there is no inherent immunity to CT saturation, as is the case with high-impedance REF protection.The following different methods are used to determine the restraint and operating current: Use of the residual current Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic as the restraint current and the differential current Id = Ia + Ib + Ic – In as the operating current. (9) 2. Use of the residual current Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic as the operating current and the neutral current In as the restraint current. (10) From Fig. 7, it may be seen that Ia = Ib = 0 for a blue -phase out-of-zone fault on the delta side of the transformer. From this, it is clear that |Ic| = |IF| = |Ins|.From Equation 9 above, one can see that the differential current can be defined as follows: Id = Ia + Ib + Ic – In = 0 + 0 +(–Ins) – (–Ins) = 0 and Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic = –Ins This shows clearly that there is restraint current but no differential or operating current for an external fault. From Equation 9 it can be shown that the following relationships are true: Id = Ins and Ir = 0 1. Ins C + B + A Ins IF N IF Fault Location Fig. 7 Low-Impedance REF Connections With External Earth Fault on a Delta-Connected Winding With NEC Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 show the same relay and CT connections for a low-impedance REF relay.They also show the current flow for in-zone faults on the primary star-connected and secondary delta-connected sides of the transformer, respectively. 6 This means that, while there is a large amount of differential or operating current , there is no restraining current. This can be shown similarly for in-zone and external faults on the star side of the transformer. Because of the nature of the protection, classical lowimpedance REF protection cannot be used as a balanced earthfault protection on an unearthed transformer or on a transformer with only three phase CTs and no neutral CT.In short, it is because the low-impedance REF protection requires a restraint and an operating current, at least one of which is also derived from the neutral CT. When a neutral CT is not provided, a low-impedance REF protection cannot be used to protect an unearthed transformer. However, most numerical relays provide a number of protection elements for each winding. To realize balanced earth-fault protection on an unearthed star-connected transformer or a delta-connected transformer, connect the CTs as explained under Delta Winding—NEC/R Earthed, and associate the CT input with an earth-fault element in the relay. ) Design Cons iderations Because of the inherently unstable nature of the lowimpedance REF element, it may misoperate during external faults, especially in the case of faults not involving earth as phase-to-phase and three-phase faults, when one of the phase CTs saturates. Various manufacturers of REF protection relays have each developed additional supervision elements to improve security during external faults while improving sensitivity during in-zone faults. All these relays scale the CT ratios automatically between the phase and neutral CTs to compare the different values on an equal basis. ) Product A [6] [7] This relay makes use of the direction change of the operating current for in-zone and external faults. It derives a zerosequence operating current from the phase CTs (Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic) and a polarizing current from the neutral CT (In). It then compares the direction of operating (Ir) and polarizing (In) currents. CT saturation logic is necessary to determine whether any existing zero- sequence operating current is from saturation of one or more CTs during a three-phase fault, or from an actual earth fault. CT saturation detection comes from a positivesequence restraint factor supervising the REF operation.The relay compares the positive-sequence current multiplied by the positive-sequence restraint factor (generally set to approximately 0. 1) with the zero-sequence operating current. For earth faults, the positive-sequence and zero-sequence currents are equal, so the result of this comparison will always be a logical 0, indicating no CT saturation. If zero-sequence exists as a result of CT saturation, CT saturation detection asserts whenever the ratio of zero-sequence to positive-sequence current is less than the positive-sequence restraint factor.Using the reasoning that current must flow in the transformer neutral for an earth fault, the relay enables the REF element only if the neutral current exceeds a threshold. Supervising the REF element with the neutral c urrent provides additional security against zero-sequence current in the line CTs resulting from CT saturation. Therefore, the relay enables the REF element only if the line CTs measure zero-sequence current and if the current in the neutral CT exceeds a pickup setting. The zero-sequence current pickup setting is therefore also the relay sensitivity.The zero-sequence pickup must be set higher than any natural zero-sequence current caused by load, CT mismatch/spill current, or any other unbalance. The minimum operating current of the relay is 5 percent of rated current (In). The directional element then compares the operating (residual phase current) and polarizing (neutral) currents and indicates a forward or reverse direction. A forward direction indication is for an in-zone fault, and a reverse direction is for an external fault.The fault is said to be in-zone when the residual and neutral currents are in phase; it is reversed if the residual and neutral currents are 180 ° out o f phase. b) Product B The basic principle of operation for this relay is to compare the residual (restraint) current Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic with the differential current Id = Ia + Ib + Ic – In, Where Ia, Ib, and Ic = the respective phase currents the neutral current flowing in the transIn = former as a result of the fault The relay compensates internally for the difference in CT ratios between phase and neutral CTs.In addition, the relay has a biased differential characteristic that you can set in such a way that the relay is desensitized for big differences in CT specifications and subsequent quiescent spill current under normal load conditions. In this case, the relay achieves stability for a through fault by increasing the restraint current when it detects a fault. The bias setting should still be set as sensitive as possible to ensure relay operation for most faults. The biased differential characteristic of this relay has a fixed slope of 1. 05 p. u. The relay will trip if 1) Id / Ir exceeds 1. 5 and 2) Id exceeds the Id pickup or threshold setting. The purpose of the restraint function is to compensate for CT errors and mismatches and to ensure stability during maximum through-fault conditions. The latter may cause CT saturation, and the bias characteristic provides additional stability against CT saturation. The relay has a minimum operating current of 5 percent of nominal current, or 0. 05 In. c) Product C [8] Similarly to Product A above, this relay uses the residual current calculated from the three phase CTs where Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic and the neutral current In for the REF protection.During an in-zone fault, neutral current will always flow irrespective of the transformer winding connection and earthing arrangement. The residual current depends on the transformer winding connection and earthing arrangement. In this case, if residual current exists, it will be in phase with the neutral current. During an external fault, the neutral and residual curren ts will be equal in magnitude and 180 ° out of phase. The relay uses In only as the operating current, and this current is always present during an in-zone fault. The relay pro- 7 ides a stabilizing method for CT saturation for through faults. Both the current magnitude and phase of the residual and neutral currents stabilize the REF protection. The stabilizing or restraint current is defined as follows: I res = k †¢ (| 3I n ? 3I r | ? | 3I n + 3I r |) (11) Where k = a stabilization factor In and Ir are as defined previously An examination of Equation 11 for both internal and external faults reveals that there is no effective restraint for internal faults because the value of restraint is always negative for internal faults.Therefore, the relay has maximum sensitivity, and small earth-fault currents can cause tripping of REF protection. The restraint for external faults is always positive and larger than the operating current, if the operating and restraint quantities are eit her in phase or 180 ° out of phase. During CT saturation, these angles may be different, resulting in reduced restraint for external faults. To prevent reduction of restraint, the relay calculates the angle between the operating and restraint quantities and then allows operation for a certain angle range and blocks operation for another angle range.For this specific relay, the angle is fixed at 110 °. No operation is possible if the angle between the operating and restraint quantities is greater than 110 °, irrespective of any other values of operating and restraint current magnitude. The stabilizing factor (k) is equal to 2 and is fixed. The relay provides further supervision by comparing the neutral current with the sum of the magnitudes of the three phase currents and the neutral current. The relay provides a settable pickup and slope and allows tripping above the characteristic.The relay has a minimum operating current of 5 percent of nominal current, or 0. 05 In. d) Produ ct D [9] The supplier markets this product as an â€Å"earth differential function† with an additional directional check. The relay, therefore, uses a typical biased differential earth-fault characteristic supervised by a directional element. The relay calculates the bias and differential current, where the differential current is the vector difference between the neutral current (measured by the neutral CT) and the residual current where Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic.The bias current is the highest of the three phase currents and the neutral current. The relay has a base sensitivity range of 5 percent (maximum sensitivity) to 50 percent (minimum sensitivity) for the differential current. This sensitivity value is valid from 0 to 1. 25 p. u. bias current. The bias characteristic has two slopes. The first slope is fixed at 70 percent, and the second is fixed at 100 percent. The first slope is valid from 1. 25 p. u. to a point corresponding to a 1 p. u. differential current. The second slo pe is valid beyond 1. 25 p. u.The directional element uses the neutral current as a reference because direction for this current is always the same for both in-zone and external faults. The relay compares the residual current with the neutral current in the vector plane. For an internal fault, the residual and neutral currents are out of phase. For an external fault, the residual and neutral currents are in phase. For the directional element, the relay compares the second harmonic current in the neutral CT with the fundamental component. If the second harmonic current is greater than a pre-set value, the REF element is disabled.This is a form of second harmonic blocking that provides additional security against operation during inrush but increased dependability during inzone faults. The relay has a minimum operating current of 5 percent of nominal current, or 0. 05 In. e) Product E [10] This relay calculates the differential current as Id = Ia + Ib + Ic + In and the residual curren t as Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic. Restraining current is the maximum of the positive-sequence, negativesequence, or zero-sequence current in the residual current. During external faults, the zero-sequence component of the residual current provides maximum restraint.The relay calculates the zero-sequence component as the amplitude of the vector difference between the neutral and residual current. During an external fault, the neutral and residual currents are in phase, so the resulting bias will be twice the neutral current. For an in-zone fault, the residual and neutral currents are out of phase so the restraint will be less than the neutral current. As previously stated, an external phase-to-phase fault can cause misoperation because of CT saturation. The negativesequence restraining quantity provides maximum restraint during such an external phase-to-phase fault.This relay uses a method where the level of restraint increases after a number of cycles. This method ensures the most sensitive r elay operation upon energization of a faulty transformer. When the restraint increases, security improves for external faults. The positive-sequence restraining quantity is intended to provide maximum restraint during symmetrical conditions such as three-phase faults and load. The relay uses a complicated algorithm to determine the value of the positive restraint component. Discussion of this algorithm is beyond the scope of this paper.The relay has a conventional bias characteristic with a pickup setting and slope setting. Both settings can be modified. 2) Setting Considerations for Maximum Sensitivity Some product-specific setting considerations have been discussed previously in this paper. Most relays have a minimum pickup level of 50 mA. Although all low-impedance REF relays this paper discusses have additional supervision for improved security, many manufacturers recommend a pickup setting greater than the steady-state neutral current resulting from load unbalance (quiescent ze ro-sequence current).This ensures that the relay picks up for actual faults, not for load unbalance. This practice reduces scheme sensitivity, because a greater operating current setting increases the minimum primary operating current. In cases where a biased earth differential protection is provided, the bias setting serves mainly to prevent the relay from operating for external faults resulting from CT saturation and other lesser important factors. These characteristics are fairly 8 fixed, and security against operation for external faults is almost guaranteed. IV.SENSITIVITY ISSUES This paper stated previously that relay sensitivity is not of great concern for faults on either solidly earthed star windings or impedance-earthed delta windings. There is always sufficient current to drive the operating element of the relay to ensure operation. Factors affecting REF scheme sensitivity are CT quality or specification, the magnetizing current the healthy phase CTs draw during a fault, the relay operating current, and the resistance earthing of the star-connected transformer. CT performance impacts greatly the sensitivity of the REF element.Lesser-quality CTs can make low-impedance REF protection more sensitive, because the operating voltage is lower and the CTs on the healthy phases draw less magnetizing current. Equation 6 provides relay sensitivity for both highimpedance and low-impedance REF, with slight variations between the two. The equation is valid for the high-impedance REF sensitivity calculation. In the case of low-impedance REF sensitivity, the varistor current is excluded and the relay does not have an operating voltage. Therefore, the magnetizing current is not the current the healthy phase CTs would draw at the operating voltage.A voltage equal to the sum of the lead and relay resistances multiplied by the fault current would appear across the healthy CTs. The magnetizing current of all CTs at this voltage should be added to the relay operating cur rent to determine the relay sensitivity. The lowimpedance REF measuring element will develop a much lower voltage across the healthy CTs and the magnetizing current necessary for those CTs will be substantially less than for the high-impedance REF case. Although the low-impedance REF relay minimum operating current is as much as 50 mA, the reduction in magnetizing current compensates for the greater pickup threshold.For example, assume that the CTs in a high-impedance REF scheme draw 15 mA magnetizing current at the operating voltage, and the relay operating current is 20 mA. It follows then that the total secondary current should be 4 †¢ 15 + 20 = 80 mA. The corresponding primary current must drive sufficient operating current through the relay to produce the magnetizing current necessary for the CTs to operate the relay. With a 200/1 CT ratio (impedance-earthed transformer), there is an implied minimum primary operating current of 16 A.For a typical 355 A NER, the only part o f the winding that is not covered, assuming zero fault resistance, is the bottom 16 / 355 †¢ 100 = 4. 5 percent. Taking the same example, assume that the CTs in a lowimpedance scheme draw only 2 mA magnetizing current because of the lower voltage across the CTs and the relay draws 50 mA. It follows then that the total secondary current should be 4 †¢ 2 + 50 = 58 mA. With the same CT ratio and NER as in the previous example, the minimum primary operating current is 11. 6 A. Clearly, the low-impedance REF function is more sensitive in this case. However, if the CTs used with the high- mpedance REF were of better quality and the magnetizing current were also 2 mA, the high-impedance REF relay would be more sensitive. In this case, (assuming zero fault resistance) the bottom 11. 6 / 355 †¢ 100 = 3. 3 percent of the winding is not covered. The transformer protection philosophy [11] of Eskom Distribution Division requires that the REF sensitivity for resistance-earthed star -connected windings be such that it can be set to pick up for faults between 10 percent and 25 percent of the maximum available earth-fault current for an earth fault on the transformer terminals.With this in mind, one can perform the necessary calculations to determine an adequate CT ratio and whether to apply high-impedance or low-impedance REF protection. As a general rule of thumb for high-impedance REF protection, the relay operating current should be greater than the sum of the CT magnetizing currents at the set voltage, i. e. , more fault current should be used to operate the relay than to magnetize the CTs on the healthy phases. This generally ensures greater stability. V. APPLICATION ASPECTS As we concluded previously, sensitivity becomes a concern only on resistance-earthed star windings.It is only in this case that the application of high-impedance vs. low-impedance REF protection must be considered. There are two important factors that may influence the decision. A. The Quality and Specification of the Available CTs Good-quality CTs with a very steep and linear magnetizing curve indicate CTs that require very little magnetizing current throughout most of the operating range. Poor-quality CTs require more magnetizing current. Perform calculations according to the specific CTs in use for a specific installation to determine the suitability of high-impedance vs. ow-impedance REF protection for the application. Perform this calculation as described under sensitivity issues. B. The Availability of Matching CT Ratios If the existing equipment is of such a nature that the same ratios are not available for both phase and neutral CTs, you should use low-impedance REF protection, because this type of protection can handle different CT ratios for phase and neutral CTs. However, if the same ratios are available for both phase and neutral CTs, further investigation should reveal whether high-impedance or low-impedance REF is the most suitable for the applicatio n.VI. CONCLUSIONS There is a general belief among many engineers that the fault current for faults close to the neutral point of a starconnected transformer is very small and insufficient to operate the REF protection. This is true only for resistance-earthed star-connected transformers. This paper makes no ruling on whether low-impedance or high-impedance REF protection is the better method, but it 9 provides the information and methods for choosing the more appropriate relay for a particular application.REF scheme sensitivity is a problem only on star windings with resistance earthing, because the fault current is a function of fault position, phase-to-neutral voltage, and earthing resistance value. For faults close to neutral, the fault current is very small. The relay operating current and CT magnetizing current are important in determining the winding coverage. In cases where there is always sufficient fault current to operate the REF relay, the choice between high-impedance an d low-impedance REF is not important.Issues such as available CT ratios for the phase and neutral CTs may dictate the choice. For poor-quality CTs that require larger magnetizing current than a better-quality CT at the same voltage, the lowimpedance REF element is more sensitive. Where you use good-quality CTs, however, the high-impedance REF relay is more sensitive. VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank the following persons for their valuable contributions: Paul Gerber for his sensitivity calculations. Mike Everton for various discussions on the topic. Veronica van Zweel for the drawings.VIII. REFERENCES GEC Alsthom Measurements Limited, Protective Relays Application Guide, 3rd edition, 1990. [2] D. Robertson, ed. Power System Protection Reference Manual, Reyrolle Protection, Chapter 6, Stockfield: Oriel Press. [3] P. Bertrand, B. Gotzig, and C. Vollet, â€Å"Low Impedance Restricted Earth Fault Protection,† in Developments in Power System Protection, Conference P ublication No. 479, IEE, 2001. [4] SEL-387 Relay Training, Restricted Earth Fault Protection, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories Inc. , Rev 0. 0, July 2001. [5] P. E.Sutherland, PE (SM), â€Å"Application of Transformer Ground Differential Protection Relays,† presented at the Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference, Sparks, NV, 1999. [6] A. Guzman and L. S. Anderson, â€Å"Restricted Earth Fault Protection for Auto-Transformers Using a Directional Element. † Available at www. selinc. com [7] SEL-387-0, -5, -6 Instruction Manual, Current Differential Relay, Overcurrent Relay, Data Recorder, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Date Code 20040628. [8] SIPROTEC, Differential Protection Manual, 7UT612, V4. , C53000– G1176–C148–1, Siemens. [9] Application Manual, ProtectIT Transformer Protection Terminal, RET521*2. 5, 1MRK 504 037-UEN, ABB. [10] T60 Transformer Management Relay, UR Series Instruction Manual, T60 Revision 4. 0x, Man ual P/N: 1601-0090-G1 (GEK-106490), GE Multilin, 2004 [11] P. A. Gerber, SCSAGAAG0 Rev 3, Transformer Protection Philosophy, Eskom Distribution Division, 2001. [12] Mini APPS Course (Analysis & Protection of Power Systems), vol 1, Section 9, Transformer Protection, 25 February to 1 March 1996. 1] Protection Field Engineer. He is currently a Chief Engineer: Protection Specialist in Resources and Strategy, a Corporate Division of Eskom Holdings Limited. He is responsible for Distribution Division National Contracts for protection schemes and equipment, general protection technology direction setting and technology management, and the implementation of Distribution Automation and Substation Automation in Eskom’s Distribution Division.He has authored a number of protection and substation automation related papers. He is a Registered Professional Engineer in South Africa. Casper Labuschagne earned his Diploma (1981) and Masters Diploma (1991) in Electrical Engineering from Vaal Tr iangle Technicon, South Africa. After gaining 20 years of experience with the South African utility Eskom, where he served as Senior Advisor in the protection design department, he began work at SEL in 1999 as a Product Engineer in the Substation Equipment Engineering group.Presently, he is Lead Engineer in the Research and Development group. He is registered as a Professional Technologist with ECSA, the Engineering Counsel of South Africa, and has authored and coauthored several technical papers. IX. BIOGRAPHIES Izak van der Merwe obtained his B. Eng (Electrical) degree from the University of Stellenbosch in 1991. He started to work for Eskom in 1993 as a  © 2005, 2007 by Eskom Enterprises and Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved. 20070711 †¢ TP6207-01

Hollywood Science & Disaster Cinema Essay

To some extent, all fiction attempts to bend factual truths in the service of the narrative. In some cases, this is done for purposes of pure function, such as heightening the stakes of narrative or preventing the dramatic momentum from grinding to a complete halt. In other cases, it is done to express a particular authorial viewpoint – perhaps a political perspective or an observation about society – which is more often than not, contingent on the thematic integrity of the narrative. In the case of cinematic fiction, Hollywood has always had a special affinity for a liberal interpretation of the truth. In the 90s disaster classic, Armageddon, screenwriters Jonathan Hensleigh and J. J. Abrams presuppose that it is impossible to communicate drilling experience to well-trained astronauts in order to justify sending up an oil rig crew with no astronautical experience to save the world by dropping hydrogen bombs into a geologic mass the size of Texas – which is roughly analogous to trying to split an apple with a needle. The 2003 film, The Core operates from a complete non-premise in which an inactive magnetic field puts Earth at risk from incineration by space-based microwaves – which more accurately, pose no threat and are affected little by magnetic forces let alone the Earth’s magnetic field. One could say that Hollywood does not merely bend the truth. Rather, truth is made to stretch, contort and mold itself into incredulous shapes as if it were so much Play-Doh. The film The Day After Tomorrow, which had been marketed heavily as an ostensibly cautionary tale about the potential perils of climate change, is certainly no exception to this Hollywood tradition. Directed by German-born Roland Emmerich, the apocalypse porn auteur of such films as Independence Day and Godzilla decides to unleash his cathartic urges on a larger, planetary scale (with New York remaining his primary canvas of destruction). The Day After Tomorrow focuses on one paleoclimatologist – an eight-syllable term for ‘guy who studies prehistoric weather conditions’ – and his futile attempts to convince world leaders of the disastrous implications of climate change. While many of the scientific premises he puts forth are true, it is when they reach their tipping point and send the Earth into an Ice Age far sooner than he had predicted that the film enters the realm of fantasy. At the very least, The Day After Tomorrow does the honorable thing to scientists and tries not to make them look like idiots to viewers who know a thing or two about science. Jack Hall, the aforementioned paleoclimatologist played by Dennis Quaid, maintains a coherent view of science that is above par for most Hollywood scientists. He articulates the film’s core premise, which is that melting polar ice will have a negative effect on the Gulf Stream that will severely disrupt the natural thermal flows causing severe weather changes. However, he projects that this will happen over the course of decades or centuries. Therefore, the mechanics of climate change articulated by Hall are sound. (Duke University, 2004; McKibben, 2004) It is the rate at which climate change occurs within the film that is unrealistic, as well as the near-mystical forecasting abilities of Hall’s computer simulations. The notion that no one other than Hall can transplant present day meteorological data, as gathered by his colleague Terry Rapson, played by Ian Holm, and his co-workers at the Hedland Climate Center, into a paleoclimatological scenario is utterly discombobulating, as if to suggest they are the only experts who could foresee this. To screenwriters’ Jerry Rachmanoff and Roland Emmerich credit, they remain fully aware of the level to which they have exaggerated these matters. The climate tipping point sends the Global North into a series of weather disasters: Tornados wreak havoc on the Hollywood sign (as if to foreshadow the film’s ultimate rejection of a Hollywood ending solution), hurricanes sending automobiles flying all over Los Angeles, and sub-zero temperatures freezing airborne helicopters over Scotland. All the while, the hero-scientists, such as hurricane specialist Janet Tokada, point out plainly how nigh-impossible this accelerated pace of disaster is. It’s almost as if their secondary role was to remind viewers that these are all the exaggerations of fictional conceit. Unlike The Core, The Day After Tomorrow does not disrespect the professional integrity of the science professions by presenting a fabricated non-problem. Furthermore, The Day After Tomorrow does not propose that blue-collar derring do, when equipped with enough magical high technology can combine to form the â€Å"silver bullet† solutions which undo everything. However, by presenting the climate change problem on such incredulous terms, The Day After Tomorrow risks undermining the very message it is attempting to get across, despite the fact that it has the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration director telling a dismissive Vice President who vaguely resembles Dick Cheney, that if policy makers â€Å"had listened to the scientists, you would have had a different policy to begin with! † While popular culture may have a limited influence on policy making, it most definitely affects popular perceptions of key issues such as nuclear weaponry and bioterrorism. (Schollmeyer, 2005) The filmmakers of The Day After Tomorrow have often stated that one of their goals to draw increased attention and spur greater action towards addressing the threats of climate change. However, because many scientists on both sides of the climate change debate have taken issue with the scientific accuracy of the events depicted in the film, it risks muddying this goal further. This means that The Day After Tomorrow’s lack of scientific accuracy makes it easier for climate change skeptics to continue to dismiss the threat of climate change by suggesting that the film is built on the foundations of propagandist and alarmist science, while the climate change Cassandras will remains Cassandras as they become forced to debunk a film that represents their own concerns. REFERENCES McKibben, B. (2004, May 4) â€Å"The Big Picture. † Grist. Retrieved online on December 6, 2008 from: http://www. grist. org/comments/soapbox/2004/05/04/mckibben-climate/ Duke University (2004, May 13). â€Å"Disaster Flick Exaggerates Speed Of Ice Age. † ScienceDaily. Retrieved online on December 6, 2008, from: http://www. sciencedaily. com ¬ /releases/2004/05/040512044611. htm Schollmeyer, J. (2005, May-June) â€Å"Lights, camera, Armageddon. † Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, volume 61. Retrieved online on December 6, 2008 from: http://www. illinoiswaters. net/heartland/phpBB2/viewtopic. php? t=9007