High School vs College Essay Example for Free

High School vs College EssayAs we go on in life we face umteen challenges and new situations that we deport with. A new situation that most pile deal with is college and all the changes that come along with it. What many people dont realize is that gamey take, in many ways, is similar and differrent from college. Not only argon people changing but the surroundings and persist change as well. There are some things that bet to never change such as some work and people. The majority of the work in college is real similar to heights schooltime. An example would be the tiny Thinking homework.In that class you clear to re-write a sentence that is not proper and make it correct in mellowed school I had to do the said(prenominal) thing in my English class. The written document are also similar in high school I would nourish to write papers all the clipping just like in college. In World Culture class you wee-wee to answer questions throughout the book. In high school y ou had to do the same you would have to read through the book and answer questions. The biggest digression from high school to college is the responsibility level that you take on.When youre in high school teachers tend to watch over what you do and chase you down for an assignment you didnt do. 1 College is different the only person that makes sure your work realizes do is you. 1 No professor chases a student down for work and watches everything you do they correct the papers and tell you what is wrong. The student has the responsibility of either doing the work or not. 2 Time management is something that every unrivalled must develop in college. In high school you have a usual routine that you follow, twenty-four hours to day.In college you usually have a few classes a day or maybe classes that are back to back. 1 Sometimes the classes are primaeval and sometimes they are late. It is up to the student to manage there time doing homework and other activities in college. Time m anagement is big because you can be lazy and not take time to do work or you could take every moment to accomplish things you need to do throughout the day. 2 An example would be playing video games when you should actually be writing a paper or doing other important work. This can make or break some whiz who is going off to college.In high school people usually fall into cliques or certain groups of people they hang approximately with. College and high school are similar an example is that if someone plays football tend to spend more time with each other. They usually talk with one another or share a bond which no one else usually has. In high school people tend to do the same thing, kids group up with either the jocks or other groups. People just make friends more easily if they have something in common. A big difference between college and high school is a new place of living.When youre at home and going to high school your parents cook, shop, and make sure you do your work. At college things are different you have to do all those that you parents did at home. An example would be doing your laundry. Not many kids do their own laundry, so when it comes to college, things are very different. Thats why people say that when youre in college you tend to mature due to the new style of living, which is living on your own. In college the amount of classes and the time you have to go for is different from high school.In high school you go in at the same time every day, which for me was 715 A. M. In college classes are usually a few times a week and longer than classes in high school. An example would be that my roommate only had one class on Wednesday which was 400 p. m. to 700 p. m. In high school you have the same classes every day and usually for the same amount of time unless your high school does double blocks. The point is that in high school its the same routine day to day but in college it changes day to day. larn new things in high school are similar to college.How teachers taught us in high school was by handing out notes or taking notes from the subdued/white board. College is the same way in my economics class we take notes from the black board or sometimes a projector. The notebook that I have now for notes is very similar to the one I had in high school. Writing papers in college are more common than in high school. In high school you do write papers but not as many as you tend to write in college. In college on average I have two papers a week to type and in high school I would maybe get one a week. They would also go more in-depth when correcting our papers.They would mark every mistake down, which kind of helped me become better when it came to writing papers. The lengths of papers in high school jawm to be the same as the ones in college such as length and the content/structure. All the papers that have been passed in are about the same as high school. In high school papers were usually somewhere between 3 and 5 pages. T he papers that have been turned in usually consist of the same format and writing style. Unity is something thats very different from high school to college. In high school you pretty much know everyone, because every day you see the same people over and over.Even in large schools you go to the same classes every day and see the same people. College is different because its bigger and most of the kids you usually dont see again. You may see them once or twice a calendar month if lucky. This also depends on what type of school you go to. If you go to a small college then there is a good chance you will see people over and over again. As people go in life they will face changes every day and also see things that are similar to the past. When people go to college they tend to relate to this, they face many similarities and differences from high school.The differences between high school and college seem to be on a larger scale, such as living and responsibilities. The differences seem to change people, mostly for the better. People learn as life goes on college helps doing this because it shows people new differences which people must change their ways to adapt to a new stage of life. Works Cited 1. The Differences High School vs. College. 2003. 27 April 2007. http//www. murraystate. edu/secsv/fye/hsvscollege. htm. 2. High School vs. College. 2007. 27 April 2007. http//advising. buffalo. edu/firstyear/highschool_college. php.

Bias in Historical Description Essay Example for Free

Bias in Historical Description EssayThe article reviewed was Behan McCullaghs Bias in Historical Description, Interpretation, and Explanation in which he gave a brief but thorough outlook on the manner to which diachronic accounts are peppered with biased analysis and his opinion on how historians would be able to diminish, if not fully obliterate, from the nature of recounting past events. Why History is Biased McCullagh started of his piece by constructing four reasons as to why he thought that diachronic writings are mainly biased. His first reason was that he believed historians misinterpreted evidences without properly asserting the truth about its justification. His second reason was that information may already have been omitted by historians in compiling such past accounts that cater to make their views balanced. The third reason was that he deems habitual description of any diachronic information may include certain facts that are possibly false due to the uncertain ty of most available sources.Lastly, his fourth reason was in elongation to causal explanations, concisely described in the article as events that substantially modify the likelihood of the event, which are usually focused on a few important causes that renders a misleading point of view in the readers comprehension of the process of events (McCullagh, 2000). McCullagh voiced out that historians who often make mistakes in incorporating biases in their interpretations are typically motivated rather than accidental.He also noted difference between personal and cultural biases, delineating that the latter is far more than difficult to be rectified than the other as it is ingrained, yet maintaining that historians must still try to do away with personal bias. He then goes on to further illustrate the concept of bias in historical accounts (McCullagh, 2000). The concept of Bias in Historical Accounts McCullagh elucidated on the point that historians choose subjects which are of interes ts to them, inevitably providing a more partial basis to their interpretation of historical information.Consequently, historians are said to be products of their environment or culture, which will naturally hold general notions about the past. Thus, written accounts by historians are subjected to the availability of information gathered and on the decisions made through constant debates on what gets included and what should be disregarded. such(prenominal) process is said to most likely offer misleading descriptions of historical accounts that have a particular cause (McCullagh, 2000).However, McCullagh has held that preconceived notions about a historical subject that are not biased could be observed in occurrences that involves transformation within a countrys economy as well up as social structures. Biases are only attached when selective causes are highlighted while others of equal importance are disregarded (McCullagh, 2000). The perception of biases in constructing recital should be avoided as according to McCullagh it provides a deceptive account of the historical subject which may cause misunderstandings and unnecessary negative consequences in conflict-driven situations.McCullagh presented three reasons as to why there are some who think that there is no way to evade the prospect of bias in historical accounts. First was that the interests of historians are automatically considered in determining the historical importance of a subject, the information extracted and the word preferences to use. The second was that preconceptions of historians and their contemporaries have biased point of views and the third single is the reiterated thought that historians have ingrained cultural beliefs and principles (McCullagh, 2000).Overcoming Personal Bias McCullagh presented his opinion on how historians could be able to avoid injecting biases in interpreting historical data. He stated that historians should be committed to standards of rational thinking that would bring about a justified description of the past. One way to impose this is through helpmate reviews so as to motivate historians to follow certain acceptable guidelines in rational inquiry. The role of the historian is an important factor in maintaining social righteousness and creating a fair account of historical events (McCullagh, 2000).He denotes that multiplicity in perspectives is another way to produce rational historical inquiry as it presents various views of witnesses which melds relevant information into one account (McCullagh, 2000). McCullagh also pondered upon the notion that for people to prevail over biases, historians must accept that historiography is limited within itself and that the end of the jibe should also be considered in interpreting the past in a postmodern view (McCullagh, 2000). Reference McCullagh, C. B. 2000. Bias in Historical Description, Interpretation, and Explanation. History possibleness 39(1) 39 66.

IT Essay: National ID cards Ethical issues

IT Essay issue ID cards Ethical issuesNational ID cards have long been advocated as a means to enhance subject area security, unmask potential terrorists, and guard against illegal immigrants. They are in use in some countries around the world including almost European countries, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand.Currently, the United States and the United Kingdom have continued to debate the merits of adopting national ID cards. The types of card, their functions, and covert safeguards vary widely. In UK, The Governments decision to introduce a national Identity Cards Scheme was announced in the Queens Speech on 17 May 2005 and the Identity Cards Bill was reintroduced to Parliament. The realize for introduction depends on the timing of the Bill being passed as law. It is expected to issue the first ID cards from 2008. But there has been a huge hollo over the issue and public continue to debate over it.According to the government press releases, ID cards will permi t legal UK residents, including alien nationals, with an well-to-do and secure expressive style of proving who they are. ID cards will be linked to their owners by unique biometric identifiers (for example, fingerprints) which mean one will have a much stronger way of protecting peoples identities. Background checks will ensure that claimed identities are real and non stolen, and will prevent condemnables using multiple identities.The card will have the expatiate like Name, address, gender, date /place of birth, immigration status, finger prints and iris scan. However it will not have sensitive in conformationation such as ethnical origin, medical records, tax records etcIn UK, anyone who is in the country for to a greater extent than 3 months and is over 16 years old is eligible for an National ID card. usual and hidden sector organisations will be able to check the information held on the National Identity Register to help them establish the individuality of their custome rs and staff. For example, you may be asked to prove your identity when opening a bank account or registering with a doctor.Major points advocating the need for an ID card is1. Prevention of Identity theft An ID card will prevent the identity theft of an individual by providing him a secure and straightforward manner of proving and protecting their identity..2. Prevention of illegal immigration and hold out ID cards will stenghten immigration control.Government and people will know who is a legal citizen of the country and who go the adjusts to work here, thereby preventing illegal work which infact affects the economy.3. Public function ID cards will help ensure public services are used by those entitled to use them .Thus it will improve the persuasiveness and efficiency of service delivery.4. Terrorism and organised crime Just as people will gain an individual benefit from registering with the ID cards scheme, as more people r enrolled society as a whole benefits.It will be be tter protected from activities of those who use false identities, from people who hide their criminal bypast to avoid restrictions on working with children through to organised crime and those who support terrorist activites.ID cards- Ethical issuesWe will discuss the national ID cards issue with venerate to various computer ethical theories1. Ethical relativism According to this surmise, exampleity is relative to the norms and traditions of a society.It states that whether an action is dear or hurt depends on the society in which it is practiced.Actions which are right in one society can be considered wrong in another one.Now comparing this to the issue of national ID cards, which are considered as a tag to a citizen attached by the government.Although National ID cards have been utilize in various europeon countries , malaysia, singapore etc that for countries like UK or USA, its not a very good idea to implement this.Reason being these countries are quite liberal in term s of foreigners settling in to pull in ones horns up jobs and a higher standard of upkeep.So the culture is mixed.There are various colors and races of people.Issue of national ID cards can foster a new form of racism and descrimination. E.g. in UK, Asian or African communities can become subject to constant identity checks to confirm their status in the country. Failure to drivel a national I.D. card would likely come to be viewed as a reason for search, detention or arrest of minorities. The stigma and humiliation of invariably having to prove that they are citizens or legal immigrants would weigh heavily on such groups.Now equivalenced to countries having a single colour people and not many foreign visitors, they big businessman not have the same problem as ID cards can grammatical case in USA or UK. So relativism theory holds reliable for national ID cards.It excessively depends on the situation of the society. National ID cards were issued in UK back in Second World Wa r. But it was done to preserve national security from intruders and spies from other countries. It was abolished later on. So considering the situation it was not a bad move that time. Now compare this to the present situation of UK the recent terrorist attacks, and set up Sep 11 attacks on USA.National ID cards will provide a means of identifying any suspected person or someone who is having a past criminal record. This can make the present society more safe compared to what it is today. But again the implications are far too many. With various immigrants from so many countries, it would just cause an embarrassment for them who are also an integral part of todays society in these countries, as they would be viewed as potential suspects. ID cards would also act as an internal passport in the country. This is no doubt useful in the case of criminals or terrorists, but a common citizen has to destine his credibility every time, thus giving a feeling of being monitored all the time.2 . Ethical utilitarianism This theory classifies an act as right or wrong depending on the happiness of the society or person concerned .If the act is right, it would bring happiness .But if its not the case, then it is considered wrong. Utilitarians also assume that it is possible to compare the intrinsic values produced by two alternative actions and to estimate which would have better consequences. If the difference in the results is not of alternative acts is not great, some Utilitarians do not regard the choice between them as a moral issue. Coming to the issue of national ID cards, there are various direct and corroboratory consequences on the society. Some of them are good and beneficial and some are not. According to utilitarians, it is possible to do a bad thing from a right motive. Basically it provides an answer to what should a man do, to provide best possible results. Step taken in terms of issuing an ID card has a right motive. It would help in prevention of identity t heft of an individual by someone else, prevention of illegal immigrants and travel into the country, as ID cards can provide a positive means of identification on the immigration status of a person. It would also help in prevention of misuse of public services and most importantly prevent the terrorists and persons having criminal record from taking fake identities to mix up in the society and try to cause some victimize to it. Now all these are the positive points coming from ID cards.But there are few negative points too. Utilitarian theory tries to compare the bad consequences with the good ones and harness out if the act is right or wrong. Now the foremost negative point about issuing an ID card is invasion of hiding of a person. solely information about a person would be stored in a centralised database which can be accessed by any authorised person with the gaol on a button. But that doesnt guarantee prevention of possible misuse by some corrupt individuals to find out th e details of someone and maybe change it. And information once changed if not tracked in time, can cause a great loss to that person who wouldnt know what went wrong. He might get denied a job in a public sector requiring security clearance. People can make fake ID cards and steal identity of others, as it would be the most reliable method to prove ones identity. ID cards would also restrict ones free movement across the country and can cause racial discrimination. Now comparing the negative and positive points of this step, it is very difficult to decide which step is right for the society. But taking the safety of todays society, the decision tilts middling in the favour of ID cards. But its a long debate and the exact consequences would only be known when the cards are actually implemented.3. Deontological Theory This theory focus on use of certain rules rather than consequences to justify an action or policy. The best-known deontological theory is that of Immanuel Kant in the 18th century. His theory stated thatMoral rules should be universalisable i.e. applied to all rational, moral members of the community rather than to just some. All persons should be treated never simply as means but also always as ends in themselves. Members of the moral community should take a hand in making the laws as well as living by them.This theory states that one has to follow some morals no matter what the consequences are. Matter of ID cards clearly violates some freedom of movement and secretiveness of an individual. So technically speaking it is not a moral thing to do. Even though the consequences can be good for the society, but according to this theory, it should not be done, as it is not morally correct. One of the theory by shelly kaggan states that individuals are bound by constraints which he should respect but also given some options which he can choose to follow or not. Issue of ID cards can be considered as an option but it is not exclusively correct morally as it affects some rights of human beings. Consequences are not considered in this theory. Apart from all these ethical issues affecting an individuals rights of data protection, freedom of movement, privacy etc, there are many more hurdles which comes into picture before implementing ID cardsConclusionIt is not known how ID cards will be goofproof given the above failure modes. Misuse can be far more dangerous than anticipated. And they are prone to errors and misuse, and are likely to be blindly trusted even when wrong. And cost of issuing the ID cards to every person in the country would run into billions which will most likely be paid by the tax payers of this country. As expensive as the financial costs are, the social costs are worse. However saying that, ID cards are not totally ineffective but a proper and more reliable systems needs to be put into place before deciding on the privacy and rights of the citizens. Data Protection law is wholly inadequate to deal with the us e of ID cards. Indeed legislation in most countries facilitates the use of ID cards, while doing little or nothing to limit the spectrum of its uses or the accumulation of data on the card or its related systems. However with its help in preventing terrorist activities, it can be implemented with a slight improvement on human rights issue. Morality of ID cards is still being debated all over the world, which is the main reason for the implementation acquiring delayed.Bibliography1. Ermann M and M.B. Williams. Computers, ethics and society. New York Oxford University Press, 1997, pp 12 50World Wide Web2. Home office.http//www.homeoffice.gov.uk/passports-and-immigration/id-cards/how-the-data-will-be-used/?version=1.Oct 09, 20053. Identity cards. http//www.identitycards.gov.uk. .Oct 09, 20054. Bruce Schneier. Schneier on Security. http//www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/05/real_id.html.Oct 10, 20055. National ID debate. http//www.vastlyimportant.com/vastly/2004/08/national_id_deb.ht mlcomments.Oct10,20056. Epic-National id and real ID act. http//www.epic.org/privacy/id_cards/. Oct10, 20057. Utilitarianism. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism. Oct 12, 20058. Ethical Relativism. http//www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/ethicalrelativism.html. Oct 12,2005

The Case of Inflation in Ancient Rome

The Case of Inflation in Ancient RomeIn 2008, as a result from Global Economic crisis, Cambodia experienced soaring in prices, especially of fuels and food, with inflation rate up to 20 percent. This inflation was mainly caused by the solid ground and local demand while the supply was more costly because of the increasing in fuels costs. This affected Cambodian economy by providing both negative impacts on the consumers and opportunities for some producers to earn more.This essay will provide the history of the inflation in Cambodia in term of high food prices and the case in the quondam(a) days. It will focus on the inflation of the Ancient Rome. Starting from the causes of the inflation, this essay will focus next on the effects and the actions responded by the governments of each governments at their respective times. Next, it will present some acknowledgments comparing the two inflation cases. Does the old experience reflect the recent case?

Frameworks of Entrepreneurship

Frameworks of EntrepreneurshipIntroduction In the minds of masses, entrepreneurs ar placed as solo heroes who after putting a brave fight against all told the betting odds of business world became succeederful. Traditionally, all theories touted entrepreneurship as an individual act merely problems like scarcity of finances, inadequacy of readiness set and competitive market forces gave carriage to a peeled era in entrepreneurship more commonly termed as ag assemblage Entrepreneurship.Objective The concept and theoretical foundations in this field argon dumb in the stage of infancy. This paper is an try to explore the concept of Team Entrepreneurship, trace the definitions and identify the conceptual framework on the basis of the researches d unitary in the field.Findings Diverse opinions regarding group-building mechanisms, art object and dynamics of the entrepreneurial teams set out been observed from the literature. The study likewise identified the multiple facets i n which the entrepreneurial team exists. A conceptual framework depicting the phenomenon of creation and operation of entrepreneurial teams keep back been developed.Conclusion Team based entrepreneurial guesss have proved to be successful provided an hard-hitting schemeal model is developed for its sustenance. Researches have shown a considerable success rate for team ventures especially undertaken at SME level. Global slowdown has signifi behindtly highlighted the grandness of risk sharing in business ventures. Team entrepreneurship great deal be considered as the closely viable and useful mode of venturing in the present and succeeding(a) scenario given its benefits of sharing of resources, skills, and above all financial risks.INTRODUCTIONManagement and its practices in the present era has experienced major paradigm shift and one of the most prominent shift is the change in the philosophy from individual excellence to team excellence. Team players rather than solo stars a re what companies look for succession recruiting people. Performance is judged more specifically on the criterion laid down for the team as a whole. An innovative project these days whitethorn not be the baby of a single individual nevertheless the soul child of a team. This swing jump from solo show to the band of performers can also be observed in the case of entrepreneurship.Since the seminal work of Birch (1979), many another(prenominal) studies have focused on small firms (as their rate of offset can frequently appear more dramatic than that achieved by larger system of ruless). For a long clip it has been a great myth that entrepreneurship implicitly describes the meshing of a lonely hero against economic, govern mental and social forces (Cooney Bygrave, 1997). Lot of research work could be found whither entrepreneurs were identified as individual business founders(Gartner, 1985 Hofer Sandberg, 1986 Carland, Hoy, Boulton, Carland, 1984 Olson, 1987, only team entrep reneurship as an area of study is a more recent phenomenon (Ensley et al., 1999 Kamm et al., 1990). However, over the past 15 years, team entrepreneurship has received increased attention. Based on research conducted from the inside of a fast-growing firm, Alex Stewart shows that entrepreneurship is both collective, a team-based activity and individual, a leader-made creation.It is arguable that despite the romantic notion of the entrepreneur as a lone hero, the reality is that successful entrepreneurs either built teams about them or were part of a team throughout. For example, when one considers the success of Apple Computers, the name of Steven Jobs instantly springs to mind. However, while Jobs was the charismatic folk hero and visionary, it was Steve Wozniack who invented the first PC model and Mike Markkula who offered the business expertise and access to venture capital (Sculley and Byrne, 1988).DEFINING aggroup ENTREPRENEURSHIPIn the early 90s scholars (eg Kamm et al 1990, Mller-Bling and Heil 1994) explored a genuinely important but almost undiscovered field in the entrepreneurship research to wit team entrepreneurship.The studies on team ventures are scarce, they often lack a theoretical background or fail to even provide a prissy definition of the researched object.Due to this lack of research it has become a real tough proposition to get a comprehensive definition of team entrepreneurship. about researchers argue that this lack of definition and theoretical framework leads to the contradictory and some times even confusing empirical results in the field of Team Entrepreneurship.Team entrepreneurship does not view the process of entrepreneurship as a preserve of the individuals rather it is seen as a capability and attitudes whereby individual skills are integrated into, group or team, becoming partners in the businesss future evolution.This collective capacity to innovate becomes something greater than the sum of its parts. Ensley, Carland, Carland (1998), combine elements from other definitions found in the literature and establish triple conditions which identify an individual as member of an entrepreneurial team they have either (1) jointly established a firm, (2) a financial refer in, or (3) a direct set on the strategic alignment of the venture.The most frequently employed definition is that by Kamm et al. (1990), who suggested that an entrepreneurial group is two or more individuals who jointly establish a business in which they have equal financial interest. These individuals are present at the pre- first gear-up phase of the firm, before it actually begins making goods or services available to the market. However, two substantive elements of this definition are subject to disagreement (1) the inclusion of the term equal financial interest, where a more open interpretation of financial interest is anticipated instead, and (2) the focus on pre-start-up, because an individual could possibly become a team memb er at any point in the maturation of the firm. The definition should additionally concentrate on new venture creation rather than on team culture within an established organization.An entrepreneurial team be defined as two or more individuals who have a significant financial interest and participate actively in the phylogeny of the enterp locomote. The purpose of significant financial interest is in recognition of the fact that only sporadically would all partners have equal financial interest. However, the question of what constitutes significant remains undefined and should only be considered within a specific context. The intent of the phrase participate actively was designed to eliminate sleeping or silent partners (i.e. those who invest capital but do not involve themselves beyond seeking a turn in on their investment). Moreover, the definition excludes venture capital firms, banks, and other investment institutions since it is only concerned with individuals. A final point of note to the definition is that it was with regard to the development of the enterprise. This acknowledges the dynamic nature of the enterprise and accedes to the prospect that team members can join (or leave) at any stage of the maturation of the firm. Therefore, the definition is not restricted to pre-start-up but embraces the concept of entrepreneurial teams as fluid and evolutionary.Leon Shjeodt developed another comprehensive definition of entrepreneurial team as a team consisting of two or more persons who have an interest, both financial and otherwise, in and commitment to the ventures future and success whose work is interdependent in the pursuit of common goals and venture success who are accountable to the entrepreneurial team and for the venture who are considered to be at the executive level with executive responsibility in the early phases of the venture, including installation and pre-start up and who are seen as a social entity by themselves and by others. This def inition again brought forward that such team are not necessarily urinated as pre-start-up rather can be make at the later stages. Interdependence of the team members for venture motion and accountability are also in corporated alongwith the identity of entrepreneurial teams as a social entity.FORMATION AND COMPOSITION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL TEAMSResearch has shown that teams start a significant number of new ventures, or a team is created within the first years of start up (Kamm, Shuman, Seeger, Nurick, 1990 Watson, Ponthieu, Critelli, 1995), the quality and composition of the team is a critical determinant of organizational performance (Glick, Miller, Huber, 1993 Hambrick, 1994).harmonize to Cooper and Daily (1997), an entrepreneurial team is more than a group because it involves a shared commitment to the new venture, but they stop briefly of defining what shared commitment is. Katzenbach (1997) suggests that what must be shared is the accountability.Eisenhardt and Schoonhove ns (1990) contribution in defining entrepreneurial team considered a group of people holding full-time executive positions at the time of founding. Whereas Leon Schjeodt emphasised that it is not necessary to be in the pre-start up or founding phases of the venture to be a part of the entrepreneurial team. It is possible for a person to be considered a part of the entrepreneurial team if the person is brought into the venture in the early phases to go establish the venture.The composition of the entrepreneurial team refers to the collective characteristics of its members (e.g., Banter Jackson, 1989). Entrepreneurial teams are most efficient if they balance their skills, knowledge, and abilities as Cooper and Daily (1997) suggest. heterogeneousness in the entrepreneurial teams composition is needed for the team to achieve a high level of effectiveness and venture performance. TMT functional heterogeneity increases the likelihood of strategic change (Lant, Milliken, Batra, 1992 Wiersema Bantel, 1992), increases strategic consensus (Knight et al., 1999), and enhances performance (Bunderson Sutcliffe, 2002), but it can also create cognitive and affective conflict (Amason, 1996 Kamm Nurick, 1993 Miller, Burke, Glick, 1998). Despite this conflict, research suggests that heterogeneous TMTs perform emend because their ability to leverage multiple perspectives improves their decision making (e.g., Miller et al., 1998 Simons, Pelled, Smith, 1999).Demographic diversity does not play a very significant routine in team formation and composition. Sanjib Chowdhury(2005) suggests that demographic diversity is not important for entrepreneurial team effectiveness, whereas the team process variables positively influence team effectiveness. He also identified that the diversity in terms of gender, age and functional background does not contribute to the team-level cognitive comprehensiveness and team commitmentAnother nerve of composition is time and its affect on the team. As mentioned earlier, it was found that effects of diversity, especially for demographic characteristics, within the entrepreneurial team decreased over time as the ET engaged in lengthy discussions and solved disagreements and complex problems (Glicket al., 1993 Harrison, Price, Bell, 1998)Two principles of team formation dominate the strategic management literature on teams, although most research concerns the upper echelons of established firms, rather than startups (Forbes et al., 2006).First, a rational process model of team formation emphasizes selecting members based on pragmatic instrumental criteria, such as complementary skills or work experiences. From this viewpoint, competency should shape team formation so that new ventures possess the capabilities needed to manage complexity and growth. Second, a social psychological model emphasizes the interpersonal fit between team members and the need for smoothly functioning group processes. Many scholars have pointed to the important role that social and emotional support play in affecting human behavior (Thoits, 1984). For example, positive social relations within a team can create a supportive context within which people are encouraged to undertake innovative actions. The two sets of principles are not mutually exclusive. deep down the constraints of interpersonal attraction, teams can still search instrumentally for members. Similarly, within the constraints of resource-based needs, teams can still choose people who are attractive.SUSTAINING TEAM ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN AN ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENT mountain up of an entrepreneurial venture jointly is one medical prognosis but sustaining entrepreneurial groups poses a big argufy. When educated, skilled and dynamic individuals join hands for a venture in the entrepreneurial capacity then firms must assure that their organizational surround is closely matched to their heterogeneity of mental models (e.g.,diversity of ideas and entrepreneurial s kills) at all levels, especially at upper-level management. However, an organization quiet of individuals with very similar perceptions of the potential services from firms resources and the competitive environment is likely to have a interchange set of mathematical rich opportunities. In team entrepreneurship, the team can be as effective as the creative inputs provided by its members, which can expand and be enriched when members learn from each others diverse ideas, perceptions, and expectations. Also, with the inclusion of complementary skills in the team, the cooperative entrepreneurial team can typically overcome the limitations of its individual members (Barnard, 1938).An informal organization culture is required to encourage continuous resource learning through actions in teams. Under conditions that inhibit creative thinking, entrepreneurial experimentation, and risk winning, human resources are likely to function substantially below their full entrepreneurial capacit y. It is of utmost important that an environment be created to avoid stifling of creativity of individuals that mar many firms.Individuals must have freedom and opportunities in order to imagine different services of resources, to deploy individual entrepreneurial capital, to renew the firms unique productive fortune set, and to mobilize invisible assets (Itami Roehl,1987). Individuals are not only allowed to think creatively, but are also encouraged to voice their creative ideas and visions about new product ideas and novel ways to utilize resources.An entrepreneurially stimulating environment provides individuals with resource flexibility and slack for calculative experimentation (Barry, 1991 Dobrev Barnett, 2005 Mosakowski, 1997), which helps mobilize the cognitive assets of the firm that are in the form of heterogeneous mental models. Resource learning and organizational learning involve taking risks, making mistakes, and experimenting with novel solutions and ideas. Pervasiv e fear of failure and penalty instilled in employees does not belong to entrepreneurial environments, as it can severely constrict risk- taking and resource learning (McGrath McMillan, 2000).Besides seeking creative thinking, effective entrepreneurship requires investments in ideas and rewarding entrepreneurial thinking and experimentation both at the individual level and at the team level. An effective allocation of inducements to encourage entrepreneurial efforts requires recognition of the diversity of individual needs, as some individuals are more interested in material benefits while others are more motivated by social benefits and entrepreneurial engagement.Furthermore, the element of time as a scarce resource (Mahoney, 2005 Mosakowski,1993) deserves special attention in entrepreneurship research because developing a productive opportunity set for the firm requires personal (tacit) knowledge of the firms material and human resources, which can only be developed over time as entrepreneurs interact and experiment with the firms bundle of resources. Importance of time management is also be attributed to the diverse mental inputs as the entrepreneurs need time and place to think and function together to produce synergistic cognitive outcomes.KEY ATTRIBUTES OF TEAM ENTREPRENEURSHIPBased upon the review of researches done on the definitional and compositional aspects of entrepreneurial teams some of the key factors of team entrepreneurship can be identified as followsEntrepreneurship is no more a lone action. Team based approach is required to lead to fast growth. unrivaled of the major forces that led to the evolution of team entrepreneurship is the entry level barriers that confronted small firms. To overcome the restrictions imposed by large firms on entry, many Small and mediocre sized firms formed themselves into teams.A jointly established business by a group of individuals as well as any individual joining the firm at a later stage in the entreprene urial capacity comes under the preview of team entrepreneurship. That would mean a team formed for new venture creation where all members will be founder member/ a person joining the founder team at a later stage/ teams formed within an enterprise for entrepreneurial ventures.Within an organisation, entrepreneurial teams may exist at different levels. Top management teams (TMT), corporate entrepreneurship, shop-floor entrepreneurship etc are such teams that are created within the organization for innovation and creativity.Entrepreneurial groups do not incorporate passive or sleeping members. Active affaire in strategic, managerial and operational level is warranted. Only that individual can be considered as a member of entrepreneurial team who bears direct influence on strategic areas of the venture.Need for personal risk taking is reduced as team entrepreneurship marks sharing of financial interests. Sharing may or may not be equal but a significant financial interest in the ventu re is required by the individual to be a member of entrepreneurial team. Pooling of financial resources and sharing of financial risks are the key drivers for team ventures.A diverse skill set is available in an entrepreneurial team. Individual limitations are overcome and synergic effects can be observed very lucidly. The individual knowledge, capabilities and attributes get integrated into a team thus leading to success of the venture.Issues of group dynamics need to be addressed in team entrepreneurship. Issues related to control, self-control, role responsibilities etc need to be handled at the very outset to avoid problems at later stage. Too many contributing minds can pose a problem as well. Diversity in terms of demography, culture, skill set, knowledge and experience etc at one hand may be the strength of the team but if not taken care of may lead to dysfunctional conflict among the teams.Informal social interaction, friendship, time for discussions, respect for individua l opinion and team opinion being given the highest regard, creative environment are some of the factors that may keep the dysfunctional conflicts at bay and might be helpful in sustaining such teams.Innovation and creativity are the key ingredients of entrepreneurial teams. Innovative thinking and creativity in decision making will keep the individuals with entrepreneurial instincts bound in a team. Brain-storming of new ideas, creative methods of working and creating and innovation of new modes, techniques or project as team provide thrill for such individuals and may be may be instrumental in key the team together and performing.FORMS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL TEAMSThe team phenomenon in entrepreneurship is visible in many forms , Johannisson has observed two different perspectives in identifying existence of group entrepreneurship First perspective regards teaming up of individuals as the way of initiating and organizing the entrepreneurial process and second perspective is group entrep reneurship as regards the outcome of entrepreneurial processes.Family Business Family Businesses are operated by and for families with the intention of keeping the firm within the family after succession. Members of the family supply their business collectively hence represent an image of group entrepreneurship.Partnership Partnership refers to teaming up of individuals for venturing into some common business. In that context partnership gets associated with group entrepreneurship.Co-operatives Cooperatives offer a formal structure with joint ownership and control and hence visibly represents the group entrepreneurship.TMT Top management teams can either be the founder teams of new venture or teams created within an organization for leadership role.Virtual organisations It is a mode of organizing where independent partner firms put in a joint effort to materialize the promises carried by the leading firms products to its customers. The challenge is to make the customer perceive the virtual organisation as a whole.(Johannisson 2002 18).Extrapreneurship For Daval (2002), it materializes by the development of a new entity by an employee when he leaves his firm, helped in taking this step by his former employer. Extrapreneurship is now more commonly adopted by a group of employees leaving their respective organisation and joining their skill set to start new ventureShop floor entrepreneurship Shop floor entrepreneurship refers to the concept of self-organising groups and teams created for entrepreneurial purposes by employees at shop floor level. According to Johannisson (2002 19), Sweden and other Scandinavian countries have a long tradition of self-organising in groups on the shop floor (in contrast to intrapreneurship that usually focuses middle-management).Corporate entrepreneurship Johannisson (2002) seems to refer to intrapreneurship here (The intrapreneur, operating a quasi-independent venture within the corporation as an arena for entrepreneurship. Corpor ate Entrepreneurship (CE) is the process by which individuals inside organisations pursue opportunities without regard to the resources they currently control (Stevenson, Roberts, and Grousbeck, 1999)Intellectual Entrepreneurship Johannisson et al. (1999) have introduced the notion of capable entrepreneur to depict those people who mobilise their intellectual capabilities in an entrepreneurial career.Community entrepreneurship Johannisson and Nilsson (1989) have introduced the notion of fellowship entrepreneur to capture persons who use personal networking to mobilize internal as well as external resources to promote local venturing processes.FACTORS AFFECTING TEAM ENTREPRENEURSHIPTo create a conceptual framework of team entrepreneurship on the basis of available inputs on entrepreneurial teams, the factors affecting such teams at different stages of team formation, composition and sustenance dynamics have been identified. Entrepreneurial teams can be formed either at prestart-up stage and/or at post start up stage .New ventures, partnership firms, extrapreneurship specifically fall under the category of pre-start-up teams, corporate entrepreneurship and shop floor entrepreneurship come under the category of post start-up teams and TMTs, family businesses, cooperatives, virtual organizations, intellectual entrepreneurship etc can either be forms as pre start up or post start up teams. Forms of entrepreneurial teams can also be viewed from the aspect of level of management at which such teams operates. For that purpose TMTs are formed at top level, corporate entrepreneurial teams at middle level and shop-floor teams at operational level. Regarding the team composition, issues as to why team is required and who can be the part of the team need to be addressed. As is obvious by now, the rationale behind creating a team rather than functioning solo is sharing of resources, skills, risk, knowledge etc an effective entrepreneurial team may be composed of individua l with wide knowledge, skills and competencies. Such individuals must not be averse to risk and experimentation. Creativity and innovation should be the drivers of such individuals. Sustenance of such teams require a great deal of managing group dynamics. Diversity in demography and cultural may not be instrumental in enhancing performance but can be a deterrent if not handled well. Variable mental inputs and variable degree of creative and innovation instincts may also give rise to conflicts.Figure 1-1 tabulates all the factors affecting team entrepreneurshipFACTORS AFFECTING TEAM ENTREPRENEURSHIPTEAM FORMATION*TEAM COMPOSITIONTEAM DYNAMICSAs per joining of team membersResource-sharingRisk-sharing complemental skill setEnriching knowledge and competency baseExperienceExperimentationRisk-seekingInnovationCreativitySocial interactionDiversity in skillsDiverse mental inputsDemographic heterogeneityInterpersonal relationsCultural diversityTimeDiverse appetite of creativityDiverse cogni tive needsPre-start-up teamsNew venture teams, Extrapreneurship, partnership family business, cooperatives, virtual organisations etcPost-start-up teams TMTs, Corporate entrepreneurship, Shop-floor entrepreneurship, cooperatives, family business, virtual organisations etcAs per levels of ManagementStrategic level TMTTactic level corporate entrepreneurshipOperational level shop-floor entrepreneurship*forms of teams are not mutually exclusiveCONCLUSIONAs again the notion of entrepreneurship being a solo act, several researchers have proved that the present is the era of teams. No person is equipped enough to build an empire all by himself. No conqueror has won the battle alone, no CEO can run a company without a team. Team based entrepreneurial ventures have proved to be successful provided an effective organizational model is developed for its sustenance. Researches have shown a considerable success rate for team ventures especially undertaken at SME level. Another notion of entrepre neurial team being the team of founder who start a new venture has also been proved lop-sided. Existence of entrepreneurial teams can be traced in various forms and at multiple levels. This paper was an attempt to bring together the knowledge created by many researchers but may suffer from many limitations. The studies considered for the review are not exhaustive and hence the findings may also not be exhaustive. A lot of further research need to be done on the topic because team entrepreneurship is going to be the buzz-word for the future. Global slowdown has significantly highlighted the importance of risk sharing in business ventures. Team entrepreneurship can be considered as the most viable and effective mode of venturing in the present and future scenario given its benefits of sharing of resources, skills, and above all financial risks.*Assistant professor, GNIMT, Model Town Ludhiana

Emily Dickinsons Use of Loss in Poem 67 and Poem 1036 :: Emily Dickinson Poem 67 Poem 1036

Emily Dickinsons Use of Loss in song 67 and Poem 1036Many of Emily Dickinsons poems touch on topics dealing with loss. While loss is by and large considered a sad or unfortunate thing, Dickinson uses this theme to explain and promote the positive aspects of absence. Throughout many of her poems, one can see clearly that she is an exhort of respecting and accepting the give tongue to of being without. Dickinson implies that through these types of losses, one can gain a richer and stronger appreciation for both success and belongings. Poems 67 and 1036 are two that get hold of the extent of Dickinsons feelings on loss. By understanding and comparing these two works, it is easy to recognize that Dickinson believes that possessing neither material possessions nor the joy of success are the real keys to happiness. Poem 67 focuses on a battle that could be considered both literal in the sense of a war, or more symbolic as it could practice as the anthem for any type of loss or failur e. Lines 1 and 2 of the poem explain that success or winning is most valued by those who never prevail. Dickinson is saying that loss creates the strongest appreciation for a win. The lines 3 and 4 state To comprehend a nectar/ Requires sorest need. This implies that necessity is the only vogue in which to understand what you want. Next, in the second stanza, Dickinson uses words that denote an actual battle has taken place by sayingNot one of solely the purple HostWho took the flag todayCan tell the definitionSo clear of Victory.She is suggesting that winners cannot value their victory. The final stanza emphasizes the fact that the defeated group understands the subject matter of victory when she says that The distant strains of triumph/ Burst agonized and clear Dickinson describes the dying soldiers comprehending the meaning of winning the battle in a way that the victors never will. The spring that the winners cant understand the significance of their victory is that they di d not taste defeat. The loss of a battle demonstrates to the unsuccessful how far they are from feeling the exuberation of success. Poem 67, as in line with Dickinsons theme of loss, suggests that being in a losing state, at least sometimes, is better than winning all the time. The deflated feeling of being unsuccessful increases the state of appreciation one has for winning.

Alternative Fuel for Airplane Essay -- Energy, Sustainable Fuel

One of the most significant current discussions in sustainable breeze is alternative fuel for plane, which is a serious argument however, big question is that efforts to produce a more sustainable fuel to power aircraft are technically and ethically feasible. This paper going to investigate and show there is no alternative fuel to power aircraft in this time. The fuel using by airplane is fogey fuel, which is Jet A1 by burning this fuel there are impact on the global warming the researcher investigate what is the problem with dodo fuel (Jet A1). As solve the fuel problem there are several alternatives slang tested, that some of them are biofuel, Liquid Hydrogen, Fracking for Natural Gas and scher-Tropsch (F-T) fuels from fossil feedstocks. However to fund forth the alternative fuel is sustainable .firstly defined term sustainability.There are numerous comments for the word sustainable. White (2001, p.1) states that sustainability seeks to provide the scoop out outcomes for th e human and natural environments both now and into the indefinite future. In addition, Thompson and Sorvig( 2009) in their recent research paper found probably the simplest, widely used definition of sustainability is meeting the needs of todays population with-out diminishing the ability of future populations to meet their needs. The other hand Fresco and Kroonenberg (1992) states that the sustainability of natural ecosystems defined as the dynamic offset between natural inputs and outputs, modified by external events such(prenominal) as climatic change and natural disasters. (Bell and Morse, 2008) the researcher from all research fund out that the sustainability related what is human put the nature has to be try to have balance ever aspect and impact to natu... ...ccessful in aviation industry such as biofuel, Liquid Hydrogen, Fracking for Natural Gas and scher-Tropsch (F-T) fuels from fossil feedstocks. All the fuel has been test and some of the, has been used for long time but the all of the have got impact on environment and social which make unsustainable fuel. At last with those fuels CO2 emissions is not increasing and LH2 approximately putting three times the tot up of irrigate in the atmosphere than burning kerosene-type aviation fuel, which is water washes out of the atmosphere a lot faster than carbon dioxide that stays up for years. Fracking presses the water containing the tracking chemicals left underground to fill the spaces in the fractured rocks and may eventually flow into the local ground-water system, making it unsafe for drinking. This research show there is no alternative fuel in this time and technology.